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+;;; xah-fly-keys.el --- ergonomic modal keybinding minor mode. -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;; Copyright © 2013-2024 by Xah Lee
+
+;; Author: Xah Lee ( http://xahlee.info/ )
+;; Maintainer: Xah Lee <xah@xahlee.org>
+;; Version: 24.20.20240120121202
+;; Created: 2013-09-10
+;; Package-Requires: ((emacs "27"))
+;; Keywords: convenience, vi, vim, ergoemacs, keybinding
+;; License: GPL v3.
+;; Homepage: http://xahlee.info/emacs/misc/xah-fly-keys.html
+
+;; This file is not part of GNU Emacs.
+
+;;; Commentary:
+
+;; xah-fly-keys is a efficient keybinding for emacs. It is modal like
+;; vi, but key choices are based on statistics of command call
+;; frequency.
+
+;;; Usage:
+
+;; M-x xah-fly-keys to toggle the mode on/off.
+
+;; Important command/insert mode switch keys:
+
+;; `xah-fly-command-mode-activate' (press <escape> or <home> or F8 or Alt+Space or Ctrl+Space or menu key. Note: escape only works when in GUI mode, by design.)
+
+;; `xah-fly-insert-mode-activate' (when in command mode, press qwerty letter key f.)
+
+;; When in command mode:
+
+;; "f" calls `xah-fly-insert-mode-activate'.
+
+;; Space is a leader key. For example, "SPC r" calls `query-replace'.
+;; Press "SPC C-h" to see the full list.
+
+;; "SPC SPC" also activates insertion mode.
+
+;; "SPC RET" calls `execute-extended-command'.
+
+;; "a" calls `execute-extended-command'.
+
+;; The leader key sequence basically supplant ALL emacs commands that
+;; starts with C-x key.
+
+;; When using xah-fly-keys, you don't need to press Control or Meta,
+;; with the following exceptions:
+
+;; "C-c" for major mode commands.
+;; "C-g" for cancel.
+;; "C-q" for quoted-insert.
+;; "C-h" for getting a list of keys following a prefix/leader key.
+
+;; Leader key
+
+;; You NEVER need to press "C-x"
+
+;; Any emacs command that has a keybinding starting with C-x, has also
+;; a key sequence binding in xah-fly-keys. For example,
+
+;; "C-x b" for `switch-to-buffer' is "SPC f"
+;; "C-x C-f" for `find-file' is "SPC i e"
+;; "C-x n n" for `narrow-to-region' is "SPC l l"
+
+;; The first key we call it leader key. In the above examples, the SPC
+;; is the leader key.
+
+;; When in command mode, the "SPC" is a leader key.
+
+;; the following standard keys with Control are supported:
+
+;; "C-TAB" `xah-next-user-buffer'
+;; "C-S-TAB" `xah-previous-user-buffer'
+;; "C-v" paste
+;; "C-w" close
+;; "C-z" undo
+;; "C-n" new
+;; "C-o" open
+;; "C-s" save
+;; "C-S-s" save as
+;; "C-S-t" open last closed
+;; "C-+" `text-scale-increase'
+;; "C--" `text-scale-decrease'
+
+;; To disable both Control and Meta shortcut keys, add the following
+;; lines to you init.el BEFORE loading xah-fly-keys:
+
+;; (setq xah-fly-use-control-key nil)
+;; (setq xah-fly-use-meta-key nil)
+
+;; If you have a bug, post on github.
+
+;; For detail about design and other info, see home page at
+;; http://xahlee.info/emacs/misc/xah-fly-keys.html
+
+;; If you like this project, Buy Xah Emacs Tutorial
+;; http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/buy_xah_emacs_tutorial.html or make
+;; a donation. Thanks.
+
+;;; Installation:
+;; here's how to manual install
+;;
+;; put the file xah-fly-keys.el in ~/.emacs.d/lisp/
+;; create the dir if doesn't exist.
+;;
+;; put the following in your emacs init file:
+;; (add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/lisp/")
+;; (require 'xah-fly-keys)
+;; (xah-fly-keys-set-layout "qwerty") ; required
+;; (xah-fly-keys 1)
+;;
+;; possible layout values:
+;; adnw
+;; azerty
+;; azerty-be
+;; beopy
+;; bepo
+;; carpalx-qfmlwy
+;; carpalx-qgmlwb
+;; carpalx-qgmlwy
+;; colemak
+;; colemak-dhm
+;; colemak-dhm-angle
+;; colemak-dhk
+;; dvorak
+;; koy
+;; neo2
+;; norman
+;; programer-dvorak
+;; pt-nativo
+;; qwerty
+;; qwerty-abnt
+;; qwerty-no (qwerty Norwegian)
+;; qwertz
+;; workman
+;;
+;; supported layouts are stored in the variable xah-fly-layouts
+
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(require 'dired) ; in emacs
+(require 'dired-x) ; in emacs
+
+
+
+(defgroup xah-fly-keys nil
+  "Ergonomic modal keybinding minor mode."
+  :group 'keyboard)
+
+(defvar xah-fly-command-mode-activate-hook nil "Hook for `xah-fly-command-mode-activate'")
+(defvar xah-fly-insert-mode-activate-hook nil "Hook for `xah-fly-insert-mode-activate'")
+
+(defvar xah-fly-command-mode-indicator "c"
+  "Character in mode line indicating command mode is active.")
+(defvar xah-fly-insert-mode-indicator "i"
+  "Character in mode line indicating insert mode is active.")
+
+(defcustom xah-fly-use-control-key t
+  "If nil, do not bind any control key. When t, standard keys for open, close, copy, paste etc, are bound."
+  :type 'boolean)
+
+(defcustom xah-fly-use-meta-key t
+  "If nil, do not bind any meta key."
+  :type 'boolean)
+
+(defcustom xah-fly-use-isearch-arrows t
+  "If nil, no change to any key in isearch (`isearch-forward'). Otherwise, arrow keys are for moving between occurrences, and C-v is paste."
+  :type 'boolean)
+
+(when (not (boundp 'xah-repeat-key))
+  (defvar xah-repeat-key nil "A key that some xah command use as a key to repeat the command, pressed right after command call. Value should be the same format that `kbd' returns. e.g. (kbd \"m\")")
+  (if xah-repeat-key nil (setq xah-repeat-key (kbd "m"))))
+
+(defun xah-get-bounds-of-block ()
+  "Return the boundary (START . END) of current block.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_get-selection-or-unit.html'
+Version: 2021-08-12"
+  (let (xp1 xp2 (xblankRegex "\n[ \t]*\n"))
+    (save-excursion
+      (setq xp1 (if (re-search-backward xblankRegex nil 1)
+                    (goto-char (match-end 0))
+                  (point)))
+      (setq xp2 (if (re-search-forward xblankRegex nil 1)
+                    (match-beginning 0)
+                  (point))))
+    (cons xp1 xp2)))
+
+(defun xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region ()
+  "If region is active, return its boundary, else same as `xah-get-bounds-of-block'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_get-selection-or-unit.html'
+Version: 2021-08-12"
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (cons (region-beginning) (region-end))
+    (xah-get-bounds-of-block)))
+
+
+;; cursor movement
+
+(defun xah-pop-local-mark-ring ()
+  "Move cursor to last mark position of current buffer.
+Repeat call cycles all positions in `mark-ring'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_cycle_local_mark_ring.html'
+Version: 2016-04-04 2023-09-03"
+  (interactive)
+  (set-mark-command t))
+
+(defun xah-beginning-of-line-or-block ()
+  "Move cursor to beginning of indent or line, end of previous block, in that order.
+
+If `visual-line-mode' is on, beginning of line means visual line.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_keybinding_design_beginning-of-line-or-block.html'
+Version: 2018-06-04 2022-07-03 2022-07-06 2023-10-04"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xp (point)))
+    (if (or (eq (point) (line-beginning-position))
+            (eq last-command this-command))
+        (when (re-search-backward "\n[\t\n ]*\n+" nil :move)
+          (skip-chars-backward "\n\t ")
+          ;; (forward-char)
+          )
+      (if visual-line-mode
+          (beginning-of-visual-line)
+        (if (eq major-mode 'eshell-mode)
+            (progn
+              (declare-function eshell-bol "esh-mode.el" ())
+              (eshell-bol))
+          (back-to-indentation)
+          (when (eq xp (point))
+            (beginning-of-line)))))))
+
+(defun xah-end-of-line-or-block ()
+  "Move cursor to end of line or next block.
+
+• When called first time, move cursor to end of line.
+• When called again, move cursor forward by jumping over any sequence of whitespaces containing 2 blank lines.
+• if `visual-line-mode' is on, end of line means visual line.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_keybinding_design_beginning-of-line-or-block.html'
+Version: 2018-06-04 2022-03-05 2023-10-04"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (or (eq (point) (line-end-position))
+          (eq last-command this-command))
+      (re-search-forward "\n[\t\n ]*\n+" nil :move)
+    (if visual-line-mode
+        (end-of-visual-line)
+      (end-of-line))))
+
+(defvar xah-brackets '( "“”" "()" "[]" "{}" "<>" "＜＞" "（）" "［］" "｛｝" "⦅⦆" "〚〛" "⦃⦄" "‹›" "«»" "「」" "〈〉" "《》" "【】" "〔〕" "⦗⦘" "『』" "〖〗" "〘〙" "｢｣" "⟦⟧" "⟨⟩" "⟪⟫" "⟮⟯" "⟬⟭" "⌈⌉" "⌊⌋" "⦇⦈" "⦉⦊" "❛❜" "❝❞" "❨❩" "❪❫" "❴❵" "❬❭" "❮❯" "❰❱" "❲❳" "〈〉" "⦑⦒" "⧼⧽" "﹙﹚" "﹛﹜" "﹝﹞" "⁽⁾" "₍₎" "⦋⦌" "⦍⦎" "⦏⦐" "⁅⁆" "⸢⸣" "⸤⸥" "⟅⟆" "⦓⦔" "⦕⦖" "⸦⸧" "⸨⸩" "｟｠")
+ "A list of strings, each element is a string of 2 chars, the left bracket and a matching right bracket.
+Used by `xah-select-text-in-quote' and others.
+Version: 2024-01-01")
+
+(defconst xah-left-brackets
+  (mapcar (lambda (x) (substring x 0 1)) xah-brackets)
+  "List of left bracket chars. Each element is a string.")
+
+(defconst xah-right-brackets
+  (mapcar (lambda (x) (substring x 1 2)) xah-brackets)
+  "List of right bracket chars. Each element is a string.")
+
+(defun xah-backward-left-bracket ()
+  "Move cursor to the previous occurrence of left bracket.
+The list of brackets to jump to is defined by `xah-left-brackets'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_navigating_keys_for_brackets.html'
+Version: 2015-10-01"
+  (interactive)
+  (re-search-backward (regexp-opt xah-left-brackets) nil t))
+
+(defun xah-forward-right-bracket ()
+  "Move cursor to the next occurrence of right bracket.
+The list of brackets to jump to is defined by `xah-right-brackets'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_navigating_keys_for_brackets.html'
+Version: 2015-10-01"
+  (interactive)
+  (re-search-forward (regexp-opt xah-right-brackets) nil t))
+
+(defun xah-goto-matching-bracket ()
+  "Move cursor to the matching bracket.
+If cursor is not on a bracket, call `backward-up-list'.
+The list of brackets to jump to is defined by `xah-left-brackets' and `xah-right-brackets'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_navigating_keys_for_brackets.html'
+Version: 2016-11-22 2023-07-22 2023-08-02"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (nth 3 (syntax-ppss))
+      (backward-up-list 1 'ESCAPE-STRINGS 'NO-SYNTAX-CROSSING)
+    (cond
+     ((eq (char-after) ?\") (forward-sexp))
+     ((eq (char-before) ?\") (backward-sexp))
+     ((looking-at (regexp-opt xah-left-brackets))
+      (forward-sexp))
+     ((if (eq (point-min) (point))
+          nil
+        (prog2
+            (backward-char)
+            (looking-at (regexp-opt xah-right-brackets))
+          (forward-char)))
+      ;; (prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at (regexp-opt xah-right-brackets)) (forward-char))
+      (backward-sexp))
+     (t (backward-up-list 1 'ESCAPE-STRINGS 'NO-SYNTAX-CROSSING)))))
+
+(defvar xah-punctuation-regex nil "A regex string for the purpose of moving cursor to a punctuation.")
+(setq xah-punctuation-regex "[\"=+]")
+
+(defun xah-forward-punct ()
+  "Move cursor to the next occurrence of punctuation.
+Punctuations is defined by `xah-punctuation-regex'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_jump_to_punctuations.html'
+Version 2017-06-26 2024-01-20"
+  (interactive)
+  (re-search-forward xah-punctuation-regex nil t))
+
+(defun xah-backward-punct ()
+  "Move cursor to the previous occurrence of punctuation.
+See `xah-forward-punct'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_jump_to_punctuations.html'
+Version 2017-06-26 2024-01-20"
+  (interactive)
+  (re-search-backward xah-punctuation-regex nil t))
+
+(defun xah-sort-lines ()
+  "Like `sort-lines' but if no region, do the current block.
+Version: 2022-01-22 2022-01-23"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (sort-lines current-prefix-arg xp1 xp2)))
+
+(defun xah-narrow-to-region ()
+  "Same as `narrow-to-region', but if no selection, narrow to the current block.
+Version: 2022-01-22"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)))
+
+
+;; editing commands
+
+(defun xah-copy-line-or-region ()
+  "Copy current line or selection.
+When called repeatedly, append copy subsequent lines.
+When `universal-argument' is called first, copy whole buffer (respects `narrow-to-region').
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_copy_cut_current_line.html'
+Version: 2010-05-21 2022-10-03"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((inhibit-field-text-motion nil))
+    (if current-prefix-arg
+        (progn
+          (copy-region-as-kill (point-min) (point-max)))
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (progn
+            (copy-region-as-kill (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+        (if (eq last-command this-command)
+            (if (eobp)
+                (progn )
+              (progn
+                (kill-append "\n" nil)
+                (kill-append
+                 (buffer-substring (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position))
+                 nil)
+                (progn
+                  (end-of-line)
+                  (forward-char))))
+          (if (eobp)
+              (if (eq (char-before) 10 )
+                  (progn )
+                (progn
+                  (copy-region-as-kill (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position))
+                  (end-of-line)))
+            (progn
+              (copy-region-as-kill (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position))
+              (end-of-line)
+              (forward-char))))))))
+
+(defun xah-cut-line-or-region ()
+  "Cut current line or selection.
+When `universal-argument' is called first, cut whole buffer (respects `narrow-to-region').
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_copy_cut_current_line.html'
+Version: 2010-05-21 2015-06-10"
+  (interactive)
+  (if current-prefix-arg
+      (progn ; not using kill-region because we don't want to include previous kill
+        (kill-new (buffer-string))
+        (delete-region (point-min) (point-max)))
+    (progn (if (region-active-p)
+               (kill-region (region-beginning) (region-end) t)
+             (kill-region (line-beginning-position) (line-beginning-position 2))))))
+
+(defun xah-copy-all-or-region ()
+  "Copy buffer or selection content to `kill-ring'.
+Respects `narrow-to-region'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_copy_cut_all_or_region.html'
+Version: 2015-08-22"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (progn
+        (kill-new (buffer-substring (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+        (message "Text selection copied."))
+    (progn
+      (kill-new (buffer-string))
+      (message "Buffer content copied."))))
+
+(defun xah-cut-all-or-region ()
+  "Cut buffer or selection content to `kill-ring'.
+Respects `narrow-to-region'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_copy_cut_all_or_region.html'
+Version: 2015-08-22"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (progn
+        (kill-new (buffer-substring (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+        (delete-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+    (progn
+      (kill-new (buffer-string))
+      (delete-region (point-min) (point-max)))))
+
+(defun xah-copy-all ()
+  "Put the whole buffer content into the `kill-ring'.
+(respects `narrow-to-region')
+Version: 2016-10-06"
+  (interactive)
+  (kill-new (buffer-string))
+  (message "Buffer content copied."))
+
+(defun xah-cut-all ()
+  "Cut the whole buffer content into the `kill-ring'.
+Respects `narrow-to-region'.
+Version: 2017-01-03"
+  (interactive)
+  (kill-new (buffer-string))
+  (delete-region (point-min) (point-max)))
+
+(defun xah-paste-or-paste-previous ()
+  "Paste. When called repeatedly, paste previous.
+This command calls `yank', and if repeated, call `yank-pop'.
+
+When `universal-argument' is called first with a number arg, paste that many times.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_paste_or_paste_previous.html'
+Version: 2017-07-25 2020-09-08"
+  (interactive)
+  (progn
+    (when (and delete-selection-mode (region-active-p))
+      (delete-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+    (if current-prefix-arg
+        (progn
+          (dotimes (_ (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg))
+            (yank)))
+      (if (eq real-last-command this-command)
+          (yank-pop 1)
+        (yank)))))
+
+(defconst xah-show-kill-ring-separator "\n\nSfR2h________________________________________________________________________\n\n"
+  "A line divider for `xah-show-kill-ring'.")
+
+(defun xah-show-kill-ring ()
+  "Insert all `kill-ring' content in a new buffer named *copy history*.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_show_kill_ring.html'
+Version: 2019-12-02 2021-07-03"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xbuf (generate-new-buffer "*copy history*"))
+        (inhibit-read-only t))
+    (progn
+      (switch-to-buffer xbuf)
+      (funcall 'fundamental-mode)
+      (mapc
+       (lambda (x)
+         (insert x xah-show-kill-ring-separator ))
+       kill-ring))
+    (goto-char (point-min))))
+
+(defun xah-move-block-up ()
+  "Swap the current text block with the previous.
+After this command is called, press <up> or <down> to move. Any other key to exit.
+Version: 2022-03-04"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xp0 (point))
+        xc1 ; current block begin
+        xc2 ; current Block End
+        xp1 ; prev Block Begin
+        xp2 ; prev Block end
+        )
+    (if (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil "move")
+        (setq xc2 (match-beginning 0))
+      (setq xc2 (point)))
+    (goto-char xp0)
+    (if (re-search-backward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil "move")
+        (progn
+          (skip-chars-backward "\n \t")
+          (setq xp2 (point))
+          (skip-chars-forward "\n \t")
+          (setq xc1 (point)))
+      (error "No previous block."))
+    (goto-char xp2)
+    (if (re-search-backward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil "move")
+        (progn
+          (setq xp1 (match-end 0)))
+      (setq xp1 (point)))
+    (transpose-regions xp1 xp2 xc1 xc2)
+    (goto-char xp1)
+    (set-transient-map
+     (let ((xkmap (make-sparse-keymap)))
+       (define-key xkmap (kbd "<up>") #'xah-move-block-up)
+       (define-key xkmap (kbd "<down>") #'xah-move-block-down)
+       xkmap))))
+
+(defun xah-move-block-down ()
+  "Swap the current text block with the next.
+After this command is called, press <up> or <down> to move. Any other key to exit.
+Version: 2022-03-04"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xp0 (point))
+        xc1 ; current block begin
+        xc2 ; current Block End
+        xn1 ; next Block Begin
+        xn2 ; next Block end
+        )
+    (if (eq (point-min) (point))
+        (setq xc1 (point))
+      (if (re-search-backward "\n\n+" nil "move")
+          (progn
+            (setq xc1 (match-end 0)))
+        (setq xc1 (point))))
+    (goto-char xp0)
+    (if (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil "move")
+        (progn
+          (setq xc2 (match-beginning 0))
+          (setq xn1 (match-end 0)))
+      (error "No next block."))
+    (if (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil "move")
+        (progn
+          (setq xn2 (match-beginning 0)))
+      (setq xn2 (point)))
+    (transpose-regions xc1 xc2 xn1 xn2)
+    (goto-char xn2))
+  (set-transient-map
+   (let ((xkmap (make-sparse-keymap)))
+     (define-key xkmap (kbd "<up>") #'xah-move-block-up)
+     (define-key xkmap (kbd "<down>") #'xah-move-block-down)
+     xkmap)))
+
+(defun xah-delete-left-char-or-selection ()
+  "Delete backward 1 character, or selection.
+Version: 2022-01-22"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (progn (delete-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+    (delete-char -1)))
+
+(defun xah-delete-backward-char ()
+  "Delete one char backward.
+Version: 2023-07-22"
+  (interactive)
+  (delete-char -1))
+
+(defun xah-delete-forward-bracket-pairs (&optional DeleteInnerTextQ)
+  "Delete the matching bracket/quote text to the right of cursor.
+e.g. ▮(a b c)
+
+In lisp code, if DeleteInnerTextQ is true, also delete the inner text.
+
+After the command, mark is set at the left matching bracket position, so you can `exchange-point-and-mark' to select it.
+
+This command assumes the char to the right of point is a left bracket or quote, and have a matching one after.
+
+What char is considered bracket or quote is determined by current syntax table.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_delete_backward_char_or_bracket_text.html'
+Version: 2017-07-02 2023-07-30"
+  (interactive (list t))
+  (if DeleteInnerTextQ
+      (progn
+        (mark-sexp)
+        (kill-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+    (let ((xpt (point)))
+      (forward-sexp)
+      (delete-char -1)
+      (push-mark (point) t)
+      (goto-char xpt)
+      (delete-char 1))))
+
+(defun xah-delete-string-backward ()
+  "Delete string to the left of cursor.
+e.g. 「\"▮some\"▮」
+
+Version: 2023-11-12"
+  (interactive)
+  (when (prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "\\s\"") (forward-char))
+    (let ((xp0 (point)) xp1 xp2)
+      ;; xp1 xp2 are the begin and end pos of the string
+      (if (nth 3 (syntax-ppss))
+          (setq xp1 (1- xp0)
+                xp2
+                (progn
+                  (backward-char)
+                  (forward-sexp)
+                  (point)))
+        (setq xp2 (point)
+              xp1
+              (progn (forward-sexp -1) (point))))
+      (if current-prefix-arg
+          (progn (goto-char xp2)
+                 (delete-char -1)
+                 (goto-char xp1)
+                 (delete-char -1))
+        (kill-region xp1 xp2)))))
+
+(defun xah-delete-backward-bracket-text ()
+  "Delete the matching bracket/quote text to the left of cursor.
+e.g. (a b c)▮
+
+This command assumes the left of cursor is a right bracket, and there is a matching one before it.
+
+What char is considered bracket or quote is determined by current syntax table.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_delete_backward_char_or_bracket_text.html'
+Version: 2017-09-21 2023-07-30"
+  (interactive)
+  (progn
+    (forward-sexp -1)
+    (mark-sexp)
+    (kill-region (region-beginning) (region-end))))
+
+(defun xah-delete-backward-bracket-pair ()
+  "Delete the matching brackets/quotes to the left of cursor.
+After call, mark is set at the matching bracket position, so you can `exchange-point-and-mark' to select it.
+
+This command assumes the left of point is a right bracket, and there is a matching one before it.
+
+What char is considered bracket or quote is determined by current syntax table.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_delete_backward_char_or_bracket_text.html'
+Version: 2017-07-02"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xp0 (point)) xp1)
+    (forward-sexp -1)
+    (setq xp1 (point))
+    (goto-char xp0)
+    (delete-char -1)
+    (goto-char xp1)
+    (delete-char 1)
+    (push-mark (point) t)
+    (goto-char (- xp0 2))))
+
+(defun xah-delete-bracket-text-backward ()
+  "Delete bracket pair and inner text to the left of cursor.
+e.g.  「(▮some)▮」
+The bracket can be paren, square bracket, curly bracket, or any matching pair in syntax table.
+
+The deleted text can be pasted later.
+
+What char is considered bracket is determined by current syntax table.
+
+If cursor left is not a bracket, nothing is done.
+
+If `universal-argument' is called first, do not delete inner text.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_delete_backward_char_or_bracket_text.html'
+Version: 2017-07-02 2023-07-22 2023-07-30"
+  (interactive)
+  (cond
+   ((prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "\\s)") (forward-char))
+    (if current-prefix-arg
+        (xah-delete-backward-bracket-pair)
+      (xah-delete-backward-bracket-text)))
+   ((prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "\\s(") (forward-char))
+    (let ((xp0 (point)))
+      (progn
+        (goto-char (1- xp0))
+        (forward-sexp)
+        (if current-prefix-arg
+            (progn
+              (delete-char -1)
+              (goto-char xp0)
+              (delete-char -1))
+          (kill-region (1- xp0) (point))))))
+   ))
+
+(defun xah-delete-blank-lines ()
+  "Delete all newline around cursor.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_shrink_whitespace.html'
+Version: 2018-04-02"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp3 xp4)
+          (skip-chars-backward "\n")
+          (setq xp3 (point))
+          (skip-chars-forward "\n")
+          (setq xp4 (point))
+          (delete-region xp3 xp4)))
+
+(defun xah-fly-delete-spaces ()
+  "Delete space, tab, IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE (U+3000) around cursor.
+Version: 2019-06-13"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (skip-chars-forward " \t　")
+    (setq xp2 (point))
+    (skip-chars-backward " \t　")
+    (setq xp1 (point))
+    (delete-region xp1 xp2)))
+
+(defun xah-shrink-whitespaces ()
+  "Remove whitespaces around cursor .
+
+Shrink neighboring spaces, then newlines, then spaces again, leaving one space or newline at each step, till no more white space.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_shrink_whitespace.html'
+Version: 2014-10-21 2021-11-26 2021-11-30 2023-07-12"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xeol-count 0)
+        (xp0 (point))
+        xp1  ; whitespace begin
+        xp2  ; whitespace end
+        (xcharBefore (char-before))
+        (xcharAfter (char-after))
+        xspace-neighbor-p)
+
+    (setq xspace-neighbor-p (or (eq xcharBefore 32) (eq xcharBefore 9) (eq xcharAfter 32) (eq xcharAfter 9)))
+
+    (skip-chars-backward " \n\t　")
+    (setq xp1 (point))
+    (goto-char xp0)
+    (skip-chars-forward " \n\t　")
+    (setq xp2 (point))
+    (goto-char xp1)
+    (while (search-forward "\n" xp2 t)
+      (setq xeol-count (1+ xeol-count)))
+    (goto-char xp0)
+    (cond
+     ((eq xeol-count 0)
+      (if (> (- xp2 xp1) 1)
+          (progn
+            (delete-horizontal-space) (insert " "))
+        (progn (delete-horizontal-space))))
+     ((eq xeol-count 1)
+      (if xspace-neighbor-p
+          (xah-fly-delete-spaces)
+        (progn (xah-delete-blank-lines) (insert " "))))
+     ((eq xeol-count 2)
+      (if xspace-neighbor-p
+          (xah-fly-delete-spaces)
+        (progn
+          (xah-delete-blank-lines)
+          (insert "\n"))))
+     ((> xeol-count 2)
+      (if xspace-neighbor-p
+          (xah-fly-delete-spaces)
+        (progn
+          (goto-char xp2)
+          (search-backward "\n")
+          (delete-region xp1 (point))
+          (insert "\n"))))
+     (t (progn
+          (message "nothing done. logic error 40873. shouldn't reach here"))))))
+
+;; (defun xah-shrink-whitespaces ()
+;;   "Remove whitespaces around cursor.
+
+;; Shrink neighboring whitespace.
+;; First shrink space or tab, then newlines.
+;; Repeated calls eventually results in no whitespace around cursor.
+
+;; URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_shrink_whitespace.html'
+;; Version: 2014-10-21 2023-07-26 2023-08-02"
+;;   (interactive)
+;;   (cond
+;;    ((if (eq (point-min) (point))
+;;         nil
+;;       (prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "[ \t]") (forward-char)))
+;;     (progn
+;;       ;; (print (format "space on left"))
+;;       (delete-char (- (skip-chars-backward " \t")))))
+;;    ((looking-at "[ \t]")
+;;     (progn
+;;       ;; (print (format "space on right"))
+;;       (delete-char (- (skip-chars-forward " \t")))))
+;;    ((or
+;;      (and (eq (char-before) 10) (eq (char-after) 10))
+;;      (looking-at "\n\n")
+;;      (and (eq (char-before (point)) 10) (eq (char-before (1- (point))) 10)))
+;;     (progn
+;;       ;; (print (format "2 newlines on left or right, or one each"))
+;;       (delete-char (- (skip-chars-backward "\n")))
+;;       (delete-char (- (skip-chars-forward "\n")))
+;;       (insert "\n")))
+;;    (t
+;;     (progn
+;;       ;; (print (format "catch all"))
+;;       (delete-char (- (skip-chars-backward " \n")))
+;;       (delete-char (- (skip-chars-forward " \n")))))))
+
+(defvar xah-smart-delete-dispatch
+  nil
+  "Used by `xah-smart-delete'.
+This makes that function behavior `major-mode' dependent.
+Value is Alist of pairs, each is of the form
+(‹major-mode-name› . ‹function-name›)
+If the major mode name match current buffer, the paired function is called.
+If nothing match, `xah-smart-delete' default behavior is used.
+Version: 2023-11-12")
+
+(setq xah-smart-delete-dispatch
+      '((xah-wolfram-mode . xah-wolfram-smart-delete-backward)
+        (xah-html-mode . xah-html-smart-delete-backward)))
+
+(defun xah-smart-delete ()
+  "Smart backward delete.
+Typically, delete to the left 1 char or entire bracketed text.
+Behavior depends on what's left char, and current `major-mode'.
+This command never delete text to the right of cursor.
+
+If region active, delete region.
+If cursor left is space tab linefeed, delete continuous sequence of them.
+If `xah-smart-delete-dispatch' match, call the matched function.
+If cursor left is string quote, delete the string.
+If cursor left is bracket, delete the bracketed text.
+Else just delete one char to the left.
+
+Version: 2023-07-22 2023-08-10 2023-08-23 2023-11-12"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xfun)
+    (cond
+     ((region-active-p) (delete-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+     ;; 32 is space, 9 is tab, 10 is linefeed
+     ((eq (char-before) 32) (while (eq (char-before) 32) (delete-char -1)))
+     ((eq (char-before) 9) (while (eq (char-before) 9) (delete-char -1)))
+     ((eq (char-before) 10) (while (eq (char-before) 10) (delete-char -1)))
+     ((setq xfun (assq major-mode xah-smart-delete-dispatch))
+      (message "calling cdr of %s" xfun)
+      (funcall (cdr xfun)))
+     ((prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "\\s(\\|\\s)") (forward-char))
+      (message "calling xah-delete-bracket-text-backward")
+      (xah-delete-bracket-text-backward))
+     ((prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "\\s\"") (forward-char))
+      (message "calling xah-delete-string-backward")
+      (xah-delete-string-backward))
+     (t (delete-char -1)))))
+
+(defun xah-change-bracket-pairs (FromChars ToChars)
+  "Change bracket pairs to another type or none.
+For example, change all parenthesis () to square brackets [].
+Works on current block or selection.
+
+In lisp code, FromChars is a string with at least 2 spaces.
+e.g.
+paren ( )
+french angle ‹ ›
+double bracket [[ ]]
+etc.
+It is split by space, and last 2 items are taken as left and right brackets.
+
+ToChars is similar, with a special value of
+none
+followed by 2 spaces.
+,it means replace by empty string.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_change_brackets.html'
+Version: 2020-11-01 2023-03-31 2023-08-25 2023-09-29"
+  (interactive
+   (let ((xbrackets
+          '(
+            "square [ ]"
+            "brace { }"
+            "paren ( )"
+            "greater < >"
+            "double quote \" \""
+            "single quote ' '"
+            "emacs ` '"
+            "markdown grave accent ` `"
+            "double square [[ ]]"
+            "tilde ~ ~"
+            "equal = ="
+            "curly double quote “ ”"
+            "curly single quote ‘ ’"
+            "french angle ‹ ›"
+            "french double angle « »"
+            "corner 「 」"
+            "white corner 『 』"
+            "lenticular 【 】"
+            "white lenticular 〖 〗"
+            "angle 〈 〉"
+            "double angle 《 》"
+            "tortoise 〔 〕"
+            "white tortoise 〘 〙"
+            "white square 〚 〛"
+            "white paren ⦅ ⦆"
+            "white curly bracket ⦃ ⦄"
+            "pointing angle 〈 〉"
+            "angle with dot ⦑ ⦒"
+            "curved angle ⧼ ⧽"
+            "math square ⟦ ⟧"
+            "math angle ⟨ ⟩"
+            "math double angle ⟪ ⟫"
+            "math flattened parenthesis ⟮ ⟯"
+            "math white tortoise shell ⟬ ⟭"
+            "heavy single quotation mark ornament ❛ ❜"
+            "heavy double turned comma quotation mark ornament ❝ ❞"
+            "medium parenthesis ornament ❨ ❩"
+            "medium flattened parenthesis ornament ❪ ❫"
+            "medium curly ornament ❴ ❵"
+            "medium pointing angle ornament ❬ ❭"
+            "heavy pointing angle quotation mark ornament ❮ ❯"
+            "heavy pointing angle ornament ❰ ❱"
+            "none  "
+            )))
+     (let ((completion-ignore-case t))
+       (list
+        (completing-read "Replace this:" xbrackets nil t nil nil (car xbrackets))
+        (completing-read "To:" xbrackets nil t nil nil (car (last xbrackets)))))))
+  (let (xp1 xp2 xleft xright xtoL xtoR)
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (let ((xsFrom (last (split-string FromChars " ") 2))
+          (xsTo (last (split-string ToChars " ") 2)))
+
+      ;; (when (< (length xsFrom) 3)
+      ;; (error "cannot find input brackets %s" xsFrom))
+
+      ;; (when (< (length xsTo) 3)
+      ;;   (message "replace blacket is empty string")
+      ;;   (setq xsTo (list "" "" "")))
+
+      (setq xleft (car xsFrom)  xright (car (cdr xsFrom))
+            xtoL (car xsTo) xtoR (car (cdr xsTo)))
+
+      (save-excursion
+        (save-restriction
+          (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+          (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+            (if (string-equal xleft xright)
+                (let ((xx (regexp-quote xleft)))
+                  (goto-char (point-min))
+                  (while
+                      (re-search-forward
+                       (format "%s\\([^%s]+?\\)%s" xx xx xx)
+                       nil t)
+                    (overlay-put (make-overlay (match-beginning 0) (match-end 0)) 'face 'highlight)
+                    (replace-match (concat xtoL "\\1" xtoR) t)))
+              (progn
+                (progn
+                  (goto-char (point-min))
+                  (while (search-forward xleft nil t)
+                    (overlay-put (make-overlay (match-beginning 0) (match-end 0)) 'face 'highlight)
+                    (replace-match xtoL t t)))
+                (progn
+                  (goto-char (point-min))
+                  (while (search-forward xright nil t)
+                    (overlay-put (make-overlay (match-beginning 0) (match-end 0)) 'face 'highlight)
+                    (replace-match xtoR t t)))))))))))
+
+(defun xah-toggle-letter-case ()
+  "Toggle the letter case of current word or selection.
+Always cycle in this order: Init Caps, ALL CAPS, all lower.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_toggle_letter_case.html'
+Version: 2020-06-26 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ( (deactivate-mark nil) xp1 xp2)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+        (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+      (save-excursion
+        (skip-chars-backward "[:alpha:]")
+        (setq xp1 (point))
+        (skip-chars-forward "[:alpha:]")
+        (setq xp2 (point))))
+    (when (not (eq last-command this-command))
+      (put this-command 'state 0))
+    (cond
+     ((equal 0 (get this-command 'state))
+      (upcase-initials-region xp1 xp2)
+      (put this-command 'state 1))
+     ((equal 1 (get this-command 'state))
+      (upcase-region xp1 xp2)
+      (put this-command 'state 2))
+     ((equal 2 (get this-command 'state))
+      (downcase-region xp1 xp2)
+      (put this-command 'state 0)))))
+
+;; test case
+;; test_case some
+;; test-case
+;; tes▮t-case
+
+(defun xah-toggle-previous-letter-case ()
+  "Toggle the letter case of the letter to the left of cursor.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_toggle_letter_case.html'
+Version: 2015-12-22 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+    (left-char 1)
+    (cond
+     ((looking-at "[[:lower:]]") (upcase-region (point) (1+ (point))))
+     ((looking-at "[[:upper:]]") (downcase-region (point) (1+ (point)))))
+    (right-char)))
+
+(defun xah-upcase-sentence ()
+  "Upcase first letters of sentences of current block or selection.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_upcase_sentence.html'
+Version: 2020-12-08 2020-12-24 2021-08-13 2022-05-16 2022-08-27"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        ;; after period or question mark or exclamation
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (re-search-forward "\\(\\.\\|\\?\\|!\\)[ \n]+ *\\([a-z]\\)" nil :move)
+          (upcase-region (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))
+          (overlay-put (make-overlay (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2)) 'face 'highlight))
+        ;; after a blank line, after a bullet, or beginning of buffer
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (re-search-forward "\\(\\`\\|• \\|\n\n\\)\\([a-z]\\)" nil :move)
+          (upcase-region (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))
+          (overlay-put (make-overlay (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2)) 'face 'highlight))
+        ;; for HTML. first letter after tag
+        (when
+            (or
+             (eq major-mode 'xah-html-mode)
+             (eq major-mode 'html-mode)
+             (eq major-mode 'sgml-mode)
+             (eq major-mode 'nxml-mode)
+             (eq major-mode 'xml-mode)
+             (eq major-mode 'mhtml-mode))
+          (goto-char (point-min))
+          (while
+              (re-search-forward "\\(<title>[ \n]?\\|<h[1-6]>[ \n]?\\|<p>[ \n]?\\|<li>[ \n]?\\|<dd>[ \n]?\\|<td>[ \n]?\\|<br ?/?>[ \n]?\\|<figcaption>[ \n]?\\)\\([a-z]\\)" nil :move)
+            (upcase-region (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))
+            (overlay-put (make-overlay (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2)) 'face 'highlight))))
+      (goto-char (point-max)))
+    (skip-chars-forward " \n\t")))
+
+(defun xah-title-case-region-or-line (&optional Begin End)
+  "Title case text between nearest brackets, or current line or selection.
+Capitalize first letter of each word, except words like {to, of, the, a, in, or, and}. If a word already contains cap letters such as HTTP, URL, they are left as is.
+
+When called in a elisp program, Begin End are region boundaries.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_title_case_text.html'
+Version: 2017-01-11 2021-03-30 2021-09-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (let* ((xskipChars "^\"<>(){}[]“”‘’‹›«»「」『』【】〖〗《》〈〉〔〕")
+         (xp0 (point))
+         (xp1 (if Begin
+                  Begin
+                (if (region-active-p)
+                    (region-beginning)
+                  (progn
+                    (skip-chars-backward xskipChars (line-beginning-position)) (point)))))
+         (xp2 (if End
+                  End
+                (if (region-active-p)
+                    (region-end)
+                  (progn (goto-char xp0)
+                         (skip-chars-forward xskipChars (line-end-position)) (point)))))
+         (xstrPairs [
+                     [" A " " a "]
+                     [" An " " an "]
+                     [" And " " and "]
+                     [" At " " at "]
+                     [" As " " as "]
+                     [" By " " by "]
+                     [" Be " " be "]
+                     [" Into " " into "]
+                     [" In " " in "]
+                     [" Is " " is "]
+                     [" It " " it "]
+                     [" For " " for "]
+                     [" Of " " of "]
+                     [" Or " " or "]
+                     [" On " " on "]
+                     [" Via " " via "]
+                     [" The " " the "]
+                     [" That " " that "]
+                     [" To " " to "]
+                     [" Vs " " vs "]
+                     [" With " " with "]
+                     [" From " " from "]
+                     ["'S " "'s "]
+                     ["'T " "'t "]
+                     ]))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+        (upcase-initials-region (point-min) (point-max))
+        (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+          (mapc
+           (lambda (xx)
+             (goto-char (point-min))
+             (while
+                 (search-forward (aref xx 0) nil t)
+               (replace-match (aref xx 1) t t)))
+           xstrPairs))))))
+
+(defun xah-add-space-after-comma ()
+  "Add a space after comma of current block or selection.
+and highlight changes made.
+Version: 2022-01-20"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while
+          (re-search-forward ",\\b" nil t)
+        (replace-match ", ")
+        (overlay-put
+         (make-overlay
+          (match-beginning 0)
+          (match-end 0)) 'face 'highlight)))))
+
+(defun xah-toggle-read-novel-mode ()
+  "Setup current frame to be suitable for reading long novel/article text.
+• Set frame width to 70
+• Line wrap at word boundaries.
+• Line spacing is increased.
+• Proportional width font is used.
+Call again to toggle back.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_novel_reading_mode.html'
+Version: 2019-01-30 2021-01-16"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (eq (frame-parameter (selected-frame) 'width) 70)
+      (progn
+        (set-frame-parameter (selected-frame) 'width 106)
+        (variable-pitch-mode 0)
+        (setq line-spacing nil)
+        (setq word-wrap nil))
+    (progn
+      (set-frame-parameter (selected-frame) 'width 70)
+      (variable-pitch-mode 1)
+      (setq line-spacing 0.5)
+      (setq word-wrap t)))
+  (redraw-frame (selected-frame)))
+
+(defun xah-fill-or-unfill ()
+  "Reformat current block or selection to short/long line.
+First call will break into multiple short lines. Repeated call toggles between short and long lines.
+This commands calls `fill-region' to do its work. Set `fill-column' for short line length.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/modernization_fill-paragraph.html'
+Version: 2020-11-22 2021-08-13"
+  (interactive)
+  ;; This command symbol has a property “'longline-p”, the possible values are t and nil. This property is used to easily determine whether to compact or uncompact, when this command is called again
+  (let ( (xisLongline (if (eq last-command this-command) (get this-command 'longline-p) t))
+         (deactivate-mark nil)
+         xp1 xp2 )
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (if xisLongline
+        (fill-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((fill-column 99999 ))
+        (fill-region xp1 xp2)))
+    (put this-command 'longline-p (not xisLongline))))
+
+(defun xah-unfill-paragraph ()
+  "Replace newline chars in current paragraph by single spaces.
+This command does the inverse of `fill-paragraph'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_unfill-paragraph.html'
+Version: 2010-05-12 2022-05-20"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((fill-column 90002000))
+    (fill-paragraph)))
+
+(defun xah-unfill-region (Begin End)
+  "Replace newline chars in region by single spaces.
+This command does the inverse of `fill-region'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_unfill-paragraph.html'
+Version: 2010-05-12 2022-05-20"
+  (interactive "r")
+  (let ((fill-column 90002000))
+    (fill-region Begin End)))
+
+(defun xah-change-newline-chars-to-one (Begin End)
+  "Replace newline char sequence by just one.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_reformat_lines.html'
+Version: 2021-07-06"
+  (interactive "r")
+  (save-excursion
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region Begin End)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward "\n\n+" nil :move) (replace-match "\n")))))
+
+(defun xah-reformat-whitespaces-to-one-space (Begin End)
+  "Replace whitespaces by one space.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_reformat_lines.html'
+Version: 2017-01-11 2022-01-08"
+  (interactive "r")
+  (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region Begin End)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (search-forward "\n" nil :move) (replace-match " "))
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (search-forward "\t" nil :move) (replace-match " "))
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward " +" nil :move) (replace-match " "))
+      (goto-char (point-max))))
+
+(defun xah-reformat-to-multi-lines ( &optional Begin End MinLength)
+  "Replace spaces by a newline at ~70 chars, on current block or selection.
+If `universal-argument' is called first, ask user for max width.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_reformat_lines.html'
+Version: 2018-12-16 2021-07-06 2021-08-12"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ( xp1 xp2 xminlen )
+    (setq xminlen (if MinLength MinLength (if current-prefix-arg (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg) fill-column)))
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds))))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (re-search-forward " +" nil :move)
+          (when (> (- (point) (line-beginning-position)) xminlen)
+            (replace-match "\n" )))))))
+
+(defun xah-reformat-lines (&optional Width)
+  "Reformat current block or selection into short lines or 1 long line.
+When called for the first time, change to one line. Second call change it to multi-lines. Repeated call toggles.
+If `universal-argument' is called first, ask user to type max length of line. By default, it is 66.
+
+Note: this command is different from emacs `fill-region' or `fill-paragraph'.
+This command never adds or delete non-whitespace chars. It only exchange whitespace sequence.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_reformat_lines.html'
+Created 2016 or before.
+Version: 2021-07-05 2021-08-13 2022-03-12 2022-05-16 2022-12-24"
+  (interactive)
+  ;; This symbol has a property 'is-long-p, the possible values are t and nil. This property is used to easily determine whether to compact or uncompact, when this command is called again
+  (let (xisLong xwidth xp1 xp2)
+    (setq xwidth (if Width Width (if current-prefix-arg (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg) 66)))
+    (setq xisLong (if (eq last-command this-command) (get this-command 'is-long-p) nil))
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (if current-prefix-arg
+        (xah-reformat-to-multi-lines xp1 xp2 xwidth)
+      (if xisLong
+          (xah-reformat-to-multi-lines xp1 xp2 xwidth)
+        (progn
+          (xah-reformat-whitespaces-to-one-space xp1 xp2))))
+    (put this-command 'is-long-p (not xisLong))))
+
+(defun xah-reformat-to-sentence-lines ()
+  "Reformat current block or selection into multiple lines by ending period.
+Move cursor to the beginning of next text block.
+After this command is called, press `xah-repeat-key' to repeat it.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_reformat_to_sentence_lines.html'
+Version: 2020-12-02 2023-05-25 2023-11-09"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (goto-char (point-min)) (while (search-forward "。" nil t) (replace-match "。\n"))
+      ;; (goto-char (point-min)) (while (search-forward " <a " nil t) (replace-match "\n<a "))
+      ;; (goto-char (point-min)) (while (search-forward "</a> " nil t) (replace-match "</a>\n"))
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward "\\([A-Za-z0-9]+\\)[ \t]*\n[ \t]*\\([A-Za-z0-9]+\\)" nil t)
+        (replace-match "\\1 \\2"))
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward "\\([,]\\)[ \t]*\n[ \t]*\\([A-Za-z0-9]+\\)" nil t)
+        (replace-match "\\1 \\2"))
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward "  +" nil t) (replace-match " "))
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward "\\([.?!]\\) +\\([(0-9A-Za-z]+\\)" nil t) (replace-match "\\1\n\\2"))
+      (goto-char (point-max))
+      (while (eq (char-before) 32) (delete-char -1))))
+  (re-search-forward "\n+" nil :move)
+  (set-transient-map (let ((xkmap (make-sparse-keymap))) (define-key xkmap (or xah-repeat-key (kbd "DEL")) this-command) xkmap))
+  (set-transient-map (let ((xkmap (make-sparse-keymap))) (define-key xkmap (kbd "DEL") this-command) xkmap)))
+
+(defun xah-space-to-newline ()
+  "Replace space sequence to a newline char in current block or selection.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_space_to_newline.html'
+Version: 2017-08-19 2021-11-28"
+  (interactive)
+  (let* ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))
+         (xp1 (car xbds))
+         (xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward " +" nil t)
+        (replace-match "\n")))))
+
+(defun xah-slash-to-backslash (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace slash by backslash on current line or region.
+Version: 2021-07-14 2021-09-12"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "/" nil t)
+          (replace-match "\\\\"))))))
+
+(defun xah-backslash-to-slash (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace backslash by slash on current line or region.
+Version: 2021-09-11"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "\\" nil t)
+          (replace-match "/"))))))
+
+(defun xah-double-backslash (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace backslash by two backslash on current line or region.
+Version: 2021-11-09"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "\\" nil t)
+          (replace-match "\\\\\\\\"))))))
+
+(defun xah-double-backslash-to-single (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace double backslash by single backslash on current line or region.
+Version: 2021-11-09"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "\\\\"  nil t)
+          (replace-match "\\\\"))))))
+
+(defun xah-slash-to-double-backslash (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace slash by double backslash on current line or region.
+Version: 2021-07-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "/" nil t)
+          (replace-match "\\\\\\\\"))))))
+
+(defun xah-double-backslash-to-slash (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace double backslash by slash on current line or region.
+Version: 2021-07-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+      (let ((case-fold-search nil))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "\\\\" nil t)
+          (replace-match "/"))))))
+
+(defun xah-comment-dwim ()
+  "Toggle comment in programing language code.
+
+Like `comment-dwim', but toggle comment if cursor is not at end of line.
+If cursor is at end of line, either add comment at the line end or move cursor to start of line end comment. call again to comment out whole line.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_toggle_comment_by_line.html'
+Version: 2016-10-25 2023-07-10"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (comment-dwim nil)
+    (let ((xbegin (line-beginning-position))
+          (xend (line-end-position)))
+      (if (eq xbegin xend)
+          (progn
+            (comment-dwim nil))
+        (if (eq (point) xend)
+            (progn
+              (comment-dwim nil))
+          (progn
+            (comment-or-uncomment-region xbegin xend)
+            (forward-line )))))))
+
+(defun xah-quote-lines (QuoteL QuoteR Sep)
+  "Add quotes/brackets and separator (comma) to lines.
+Act on current block or selection.
+
+For example,
+
+ cat
+ dog
+ cow
+
+becomes
+
+ \"cat\",
+ \"dog\",
+ \"cow\",
+
+or
+
+ (cat)
+ (dog)
+ (cow)
+
+In lisp code, QuoteL QuoteR Sep are strings.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_quote_lines.html'
+Version: 2020-06-26 2023-09-19 2023-10-29"
+  (interactive
+   (let ((xbrackets
+          '(
+            "\"double quote\""
+            "'single quote'"
+            "(paren)"
+            "{brace}"
+            "[square]"
+            "<greater>"
+            "`emacs'"
+            "`markdown`"
+            "~tilde~"
+            "=equal="
+            "“curly double”"
+            "‘curly single’"
+            "‹french angle›"
+            "«french double angle»"
+            "「corner」"
+            "none"
+            "other"
+            ))
+         (xcomma '("comma ," "semicolon ;" "none" "other"))
+         xbktChoice xsep xsepChoice xquoteL xquoteR)
+     (let ((completion-ignore-case t))
+       (setq xbktChoice (completing-read "Quote to use:" xbrackets nil t nil nil (car xbrackets)))
+       (setq xsepChoice (completing-read "line separator:" xcomma nil t nil nil (car xcomma))))
+     (cond
+      ((string-equal xbktChoice "none")
+       (setq xquoteL "" xquoteR ""))
+      ((string-equal xbktChoice "other")
+       (let ((xx (read-string "Enter 2 chars, for begin/end quote:")))
+         (setq xquoteL (substring xx 0 1)
+               xquoteR (substring xx 1 2))))
+      (t (setq xquoteL (substring xbktChoice 0 1)
+               xquoteR (substring xbktChoice -1))))
+     (setq xsep
+           (cond
+            ((string-equal xsepChoice "comma ,") ",")
+            ((string-equal xsepChoice "semicolon ;") ";")
+            ((string-equal xsepChoice "none") "")
+            ((string-equal xsepChoice "other") (read-string "Enter separator:"))
+            (t xsepChoice)))
+     (list xquoteL xquoteR xsep)))
+  (let (xp1 xp2 (xquoteL QuoteL) (xquoteR QuoteR) (xsep Sep))
+    (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region)))
+      (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (catch 'EndReached
+          (while t
+            (skip-chars-forward "\t ")
+            (insert xquoteL)
+            (end-of-line)
+            (insert xquoteR xsep)
+            (if (eq (point) (point-max))
+                (throw 'EndReached t)
+              (forward-char))))))))
+
+(defun xah-escape-quotes (Begin End)
+  "Add slash before double quote in current line or selection.
+Double quote is codepoint 34.
+See also: `xah-unescape-quotes'
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_escape_quotes.html'
+Version: 2017-01-11"
+  (interactive
+   (if (region-active-p)
+       (list (region-beginning) (region-end))
+     (list (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position))))
+  (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region Begin End)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "\"" nil t)
+          (replace-match "\\\"" t t)))))
+
+(defun xah-unescape-quotes (&optional Begin End)
+  "Replace  「\\\"」 by 「\"」 in current line or selection.
+See also: `xah-escape-quotes'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_escape_quotes.html'
+Version: 2017-01-11 2023-11-02"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (search-forward "\\\"" nil t)
+          (replace-match "\"" t t))))))
+
+(defun xah-cycle-hyphen-lowline-space (&optional Begin End)
+  "Cycle {hyphen lowline space} chars.
+
+The region to work on is by this order:
+ 1. if there is a selection, use that.
+ 2. If cursor is in a string quote or any type of bracket, and is within current line, work on that region.
+ 3. else, work on current line.
+
+After this command is called, press `xah-repeat-key' to repeat it.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_change_space-hyphen_underscore.html'
+Version: 2019-02-12 2023-07-16 2024-01-04"
+  (interactive)
+  ;; this function sets a property 'state. Possible values are 0 to length of xcharArray.
+  (let (xp1 xp2 xlen
+            (xcharArray ["-" "_" " "])
+            (xregionWasActive-p (region-active-p))
+            (xnowState (if (eq last-command this-command) (get 'xah-cycle-hyphen-lowline-space 'state) 0))
+            xchangeTo)
+    (setq
+     xlen (length xcharArray)
+     xchangeTo (elt xcharArray xnowState))
+    (if (and Begin End)
+        (setq xp1 Begin xp2 End)
+      (if (region-active-p)
+          (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+        (let ((xskipChars "^\"<>(){}[]“”‘’‹›«»「」『』【】〖〗《》〈〉〔〕（）"))
+          (skip-chars-backward xskipChars (line-beginning-position))
+          (setq xp1 (point))
+          (skip-chars-forward xskipChars (line-end-position))
+          (setq xp2 (point))
+          (push-mark xp1))))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xp1 xp2)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (re-search-forward (elt xcharArray (% (+ xnowState 2) xlen)) (point-max) 1)
+          (replace-match xchangeTo t t))))
+    (when (or (string-equal xchangeTo " ") xregionWasActive-p)
+      (goto-char xp2)
+      (push-mark xp1)
+      (setq deactivate-mark nil))
+    (put 'xah-cycle-hyphen-lowline-space 'state (% (+ xnowState 1) xlen)))
+  (set-transient-map (let ((xkmap (make-sparse-keymap))) (define-key xkmap (or xah-repeat-key (kbd "DEL")) this-command) xkmap)))
+
+(defun xah-copy-file-path (&optional DirPathOnlyQ)
+  "Copy current buffer file path or dired path.
+Result is full path.
+If `universal-argument' is called first, copy only the dir path.
+
+If in dired, copy the current or marked files.
+
+If a buffer is not file and not dired, copy value of `default-directory'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_copy_file_path.html'
+Version: 2018-06-18 2021-09-30"
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let ((xfpath
+         (if (eq major-mode 'dired-mode)
+             (progn
+               (let ((xresult (mapconcat #'identity
+                                         (dired-get-marked-files) "\n")))
+                 (if (equal (length xresult) 0)
+                     (progn default-directory )
+                   (progn xresult))))
+           (if buffer-file-name
+               buffer-file-name
+             (expand-file-name default-directory)))))
+    (kill-new
+     (if DirPathOnlyQ
+         (progn
+           (message "Directory copied: %s" (file-name-directory xfpath))
+           (file-name-directory xfpath))
+       (progn
+         (message "File path copied: %s" xfpath)
+         xfpath )))))
+
+(defun xah-delete-current-text-block ()
+  "Delete the current text block plus blank lines, or selection, and copy to `kill-ring'.
+
+If cursor is between blank lines, delete following blank lines.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_delete_block.html'
+Version: 2017-07-09 2023-06-07 2023-10-09"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+        (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+      (progn
+        (if (re-search-backward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil :move)
+            (setq xp1 (goto-char (match-end 0)))
+          (setq xp1 (point)))
+        (if (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n+" nil :move)
+            (setq xp2 (match-end 0))
+          (setq xp2 (point-max)))))
+    (kill-region xp1 xp2)))
+
+(defun xah-copy-to-register-1 ()
+  "Copy current line or selection to register 1.
+
+See also:
+`xah-copy-to-register-1'
+`xah-append-to-register-1'
+`xah-paste-from-register-1'
+`xah-clear-register-1'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_copy-paste_register_1.html'
+Version: 2012-07-17 2023-04-07 2023-08-05"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+         (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+      (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position)))
+    (copy-to-register ?1 xp1 xp2)
+    (message "Copied to register 1: [%s]." (buffer-substring xp1 xp2))))
+
+(defun xah-append-to-register-1 ()
+  "Append current line or selection to register 1.
+When no selection, append current line, with newline char.
+
+See also:
+`xah-copy-to-register-1'
+`xah-append-to-register-1'
+`xah-paste-from-register-1'
+`xah-clear-register-1'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_copy_append.html'
+Version: 2015-12-08 2023-04-07 2023-08-05"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+         (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+      (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position)))
+    (append-to-register ?1 xp1 xp2)
+    (with-temp-buffer (insert "\n")
+                      (append-to-register ?1 (point-min) (point-max)))
+    (message "Appended to register 1: [%s]." (buffer-substring xp1 xp2))))
+
+(defun xah-paste-from-register-1 ()
+  "Paste text from register 1.
+
+See also:
+`xah-copy-to-register-1'
+`xah-append-to-register-1'
+`xah-paste-from-register-1'
+`xah-clear-register-1'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_copy-paste_register_1.html'
+Version: 2015-12-08 2023-04-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (when (region-active-p)
+    (delete-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+  (insert-register ?1 t))
+
+(defun xah-clear-register-1 ()
+  "Clear register 1.
+
+See also:
+`xah-copy-to-register-1'
+`xah-append-to-register-1'
+`xah-paste-from-register-1'
+`xah-clear-register-1'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_copy-paste_register_1.html'
+Version: 2015-12-08 2023-04-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (progn
+    (copy-to-register ?1 (point-min) (point-min))
+    (message "Cleared register 1.")))
+
+
+;; insertion commands
+
+(defun xah-insert-date ()
+  "Insert current date time.
+Insert date in this format: yyyy-mm-dd.
+If `universal-argument' is called first, prompt for a format to use.
+If there is selection, delete it first.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_insert-date-time.html'
+Version: 2013-05-10 2023-09-30 2023-10-01"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xmenu xstyle)
+    (setq
+     xmenu
+     '(("ISO date • 2018-04-12" . (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d"))
+       ("all digits datetime • 20180412224611" . (format-time-string "%Y%m%d%H%M%S"))
+       ("date _ time digits • 2018-04-12_224611" . (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S"))
+       ("ISO datetime full • 2018-04-12T22:46:11-07:00" .
+        (concat
+         (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%dT%T")
+         ((lambda (xx) (format "%s:%s" (substring xx 0 3) (substring xx 3 5)))
+          (format-time-string "%z"))))
+       ("ISO datetime w space • 2018-04-12 22:46:11-07:00" .
+        (concat
+         (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d %T")
+         ((lambda (xx) (format "%s:%s" (substring xx 0 3) (substring xx 3 5)))
+          (format-time-string "%z"))))
+       ("ISO date + weekday • 2018-04-12 Thursday" . (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d %A"))
+       ("USA date + weekday • Thursday, April 12, 2018" . (format-time-string "%A, %B %d, %Y"))
+       ("USA date + weekday abbrev • Thu, Apr 12, 2018" . (format-time-string "%a, %b %d, %Y"))
+       ("USA date • April 12, 2018" . (format-time-string "%B %d, %Y"))
+       ("USA date abbrev • Apr 12, 2018" . (format-time-string "%b %d, %Y")))
+
+     xstyle
+     (if current-prefix-arg
+         (let ((completion-ignore-case t))
+           (completing-read "Style:" xmenu nil t nil nil (caar xmenu)))
+       (caar xmenu)))
+    (when (region-active-p) (delete-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+    (insert (eval (cdr (assoc xstyle xmenu))))))
+
+(defun xah-insert-bracket-pair (LBracket RBracket &optional WrapMethod)
+  "Insert brackets around selection, word, at point, and maybe move cursor in between.
+
+ LBracket and RBracket are strings. WrapMethod must be either `line' or `block'. `block' means between empty lines.
+
+• If there is a active region, wrap around region.
+Else
+• If WrapMethod is `line', wrap around line.
+• If WrapMethod is `block', wrap around block.
+Else
+• If cursor is at beginning of line and its not empty line and contain at least 1 space, wrap around the line.
+• If cursor is at end of a word or buffer, one of the following will happen:
+ xyz▮ → xyz(▮)
+ xyz▮ → (xyz▮)       if in one of the lisp modes.
+• wrap brackets around word if any. e.g. xy▮z → (xyz▮). Or just (▮)
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_insert_brackets_by_pair.html'
+Version: 2017-01-17 2021-08-12"
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (progn
+        (let ((xp1 (region-beginning)) (xp2 (region-end)))
+          (goto-char xp2) (insert RBracket)
+          (goto-char xp1) (insert LBracket)
+          (goto-char (+ xp2 2))))
+    (let (xp1 xp2)
+      (cond
+       ((eq WrapMethod 'line)
+        (setq xp1 (line-beginning-position) xp2 (line-end-position))
+        (goto-char xp2)
+        (insert RBracket)
+        (goto-char xp1)
+        (insert LBracket)
+        (goto-char (+ xp2 (length LBracket))))
+       ((eq WrapMethod 'block)
+        (save-excursion
+          (let ((xbds (xah-get-bounds-of-block-or-region))) (setq xp1 (car xbds) xp2 (cdr xbds)))
+          (goto-char xp2)
+          (insert RBracket)
+          (goto-char xp1)
+          (insert LBracket)
+          (goto-char (+ xp2 (length LBracket)))))
+       ( ; do line. line must contain space
+        (and
+         (eq (point) (line-beginning-position))
+         (not (eq (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position))))
+        (insert LBracket)
+        (end-of-line)
+        (insert  RBracket))
+       ((and
+         (or ; cursor is at end of word or buffer. i.e. xyz▮
+          (looking-at "[^-_[:alnum:]]")
+          (eq (point) (point-max)))
+         (not (or
+               (eq major-mode 'xah-elisp-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'lisp-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'lisp-interaction-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'common-lisp-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'clojure-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'xah-clojure-mode)
+               (eq major-mode 'scheme-mode))))
+        (progn
+          (setq xp1 (point) xp2 (point))
+          (insert LBracket RBracket)
+          (search-backward RBracket)))
+       (t (progn
+            ;; wrap around “word”. basically, want all alphanumeric, plus hyphen and underscore, but don't want space or punctuations. Also want chinese chars
+            ;; 我有一帘幽梦，不知与谁能共。多少秘密在其中，欲诉无人能懂。
+            (skip-chars-backward "-_[:alnum:]")
+            (setq xp1 (point))
+            (skip-chars-forward "-_[:alnum:]")
+            (setq xp2 (point))
+            (goto-char xp2)
+            (insert RBracket)
+            (goto-char xp1)
+            (insert LBracket)
+            (goto-char (+ xp2 (length LBracket)))))))))
+
+(defun xah-insert-paren () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "(" ")") )
+(defun xah-insert-square-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "[" "]") )
+(defun xah-insert-brace () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "{" "}") )
+
+(defun xah-insert-markdown-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "`" "`") )
+(defun xah-insert-markdown-triple-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "```\n" "\n```"))
+
+(defun xah-insert-double-curly-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "“" "”") )
+(defun xah-insert-curly-single-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "‘" "’") )
+(defun xah-insert-single-angle-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "‹" "›") )
+(defun xah-insert-double-angle-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "«" "»") )
+(defun xah-insert-ascii-double-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "\"" "\"") )
+(defun xah-insert-ascii-single-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "'" "'") )
+(defun xah-insert-emacs-quote () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "`" "'") )
+(defun xah-insert-corner-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "「" "」" ) )
+(defun xah-insert-white-corner-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "『" "』") )
+(defun xah-insert-angle-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "〈" "〉") )
+(defun xah-insert-double-angle-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "《" "》") )
+(defun xah-insert-white-lenticular-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "〖" "〗") )
+(defun xah-insert-black-lenticular-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "【" "】") )
+(defun xah-insert-tortoise-shell-bracket () (interactive) (xah-insert-bracket-pair "〔" "〕" ) )
+
+(defun xah-insert-hyphen ()
+  "Insert a HYPHEN-MINUS character."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert "-"))
+
+(defun xah-insert-low-line ()
+  "Insert a LOW LINE character."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert "_"))
+
+(defun xah-insert-string-assignment ()
+  "Insert =\"\""
+  (interactive)
+  (progn (insert "=\"\"")
+         (left-char)))
+
+(defun xah-insert-space-before ()
+  "Insert space before cursor."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert " "))
+
+(defun xah-insert-space-after ()
+  "Insert space after cursor"
+  (interactive)
+  (insert " ")
+  (left-char))
+
+(defun xah-insert-formfeed ()
+  "Insert a form feed char (codepoint 12)"
+  (interactive)
+  (insert "\n\u000c\n"))
+
+(defun xah-show-formfeed-as-line ()
+  "Display the formfeed ^L char as line.
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_show_form_feed_as_line.html'
+Version: 2018-08-30 2023-07-29"
+  (interactive)
+  ;; 2016-10-11 thanks to Steve Purcell's page-break-lines.el
+  (progn
+    (when (not buffer-display-table)
+      (setq buffer-display-table (make-display-table)))
+    (aset buffer-display-table ?\^L
+          (vconcat (make-list 70 (make-glyph-code ?─ 'font-lock-comment-face))))
+    (redraw-frame)))
+
+(defun xah-insert-column-az ()
+  "Insert letters A to Z vertically, similar to `rectangle-number-lines'.
+The commpand will prompt for a start char, and number of chars to insert.
+The start char can be any char in Unicode.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_insert-alphabets.html'
+Version: 2013-06-12 2019-03-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (
+        (xstartChar (string-to-char (read-string "Start char: " "a")))
+        (xhowmany (string-to-number (read-string "How many: " "26")))
+        (xcolpos (- (point) (line-beginning-position))))
+    (dotimes (xi xhowmany )
+      (progn
+        (insert-char (+ xi xstartChar))
+        (forward-line)
+        (beginning-of-line)
+        (forward-char xcolpos)))))
+
+(defvar xah-unicode-list nil
+ "A alist.
+Each item is (prompStr . xString). Used by `xah-insert-unicode'.
+prompStr is used for prompt.
+xString is used for insert a unicode.
+xString can be any string, needs not be a char or emoji.
+")
+
+(setq
+ xah-unicode-list
+ '(
+   ;;
+   ("smile beaming 😊" . "😊")
+   ("tears of joy" . "😂")
+   ("hug 🤗" . "🤗")
+   ("heart eyes 😍" . "😍")
+   ("heart face 🥰" . "🥰")
+   ("angry 😠" . "😠")
+   ("vomit 🤮" . "🤮")
+   ("thumb up 👍" . "👍")
+   ("thumb down 👎" . "👎")
+   ("checkmark ✅" . "✅")
+   ("new 🆕" . "🆕")
+   ("glowing star 🌟" . "🌟")
+   ("star ⭐" . "⭐")
+   ("sparkles ✨" . "✨")
+   ("rocket 🚀" . "🚀")
+   ("sun 🌞" . "🌞")
+   ("heart 🧡" . "🧡")
+   ("clown 🤡" . "🤡")
+   ("large circle" . "⭕")
+   ("cross ❌" . "❌")
+   ("red triangle 🔺" . "🔺")
+   ("diamond 💠" . "💠")
+   ("square" . "⬛")
+   ("cursor ▮" . "▮")
+
+   ("double angle bracket" . "《》")
+   ("black lenticular bracket" . "【】")
+   ("corner-bracket" . "「」")
+   ("tortoise shell bracket" . "〔〕")
+   ("angle bracket" . "〈〉")
+   ("double angle quote" . "«»")
+
+   ("bullet •" . "•")
+   ("diamond ◆" . "◆")
+   ("...ellipsis …" . "…")
+   ("nbsp non breaking space" . " ")
+   ("chinese comma 、" . "、")
+   ("emdash —" . "—")
+   ("fullwidth ampersand ＆" . "＆")
+   ("left arrow ←" . "←")
+   ("right arrow →" . "→")
+   ("up arrow ↑" . "↑")
+   ("down arrow ↓" . "↓")
+   ;;
+   ))
+
+(defun xah-insert-unicode ()
+  "Insert a unicode from a custom list `xah-unicode-list'.
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_insert_unicode.html'
+Version: 2021-01-05 2023-08-25 2023-08-31 2023-09-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xkey
+         (let ((completion-ignore-case t))
+           (completing-read "Insert:" xah-unicode-list nil t))))
+    (insert (cdr (assoc xkey xah-unicode-list)))))
+
+
+;; text selection
+
+(defun xah-select-block ()
+  "Select the current/next block plus 1 blankline.
+If region is active, extend selection downward by block.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_select_text_block.html'
+Version: 2019-12-26 2021-08-13 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n[ \t]*\n*" nil :move)
+    (progn
+      (skip-chars-forward " \n\t")
+      (when (re-search-backward "\n[ \t]*\n" nil :move)
+        (goto-char (match-end 0)))
+      (push-mark (point) t t)
+      (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n" nil :move))))
+
+(defun xah-select-line ()
+  "Select current line. If region is active, extend selection downward by line.
+If `visual-line-mode' is on, consider line as visual line.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_select_line.html'
+Version: 2017-11-01 2023-07-16 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (region-active-p)
+      (if visual-line-mode
+          (let ((xp1 (point)))
+            (end-of-visual-line 1)
+            (when (eq xp1 (point))
+              (end-of-visual-line 2)))
+        (progn
+          (forward-line 1)
+          (end-of-line)))
+    (if visual-line-mode
+        (progn (beginning-of-visual-line)
+               (push-mark (point) t t)
+               (end-of-visual-line))
+      (progn
+        (push-mark (line-beginning-position) t t)
+        (end-of-line)))))
+
+(defun xah-extend-selection ()
+  "Select the current word, bracket/quote expression, or expand selection.
+Subsequent calls expands the selection.
+
+when there is no selection,
+• If cursor is on any type of bracket (including parenthesis, quotation mark), select whole bracketed thing including bracket
+• else, select current word.
+
+when there is a selection, the selection extension behavior is still experimental. But when cursor is on a any type of bracket (parenthesis, quote), it extends selection to outer bracket.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_extend_selection.html'
+Version: 2020-02-04 2023-08-24 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+
+  (cond
+   ((region-active-p)
+    (let ((xp1 (region-beginning)) (xp2 (region-end)))
+      (goto-char xp1)
+      (cond
+       ((looking-at "\\s(")
+        (if (eq (nth 0 (syntax-ppss)) 0)
+            (progn
+              ;; (message "debug: left bracket, depth 0.")
+              (end-of-line) ; select current line
+              (push-mark (line-beginning-position) t t))
+          (progn
+            ;; (message "debug: left bracket, depth not 0")
+            (up-list -1 t t)
+            (mark-sexp))))
+       ((eq xp1 (line-beginning-position))
+        (progn
+          (goto-char xp1)
+          (let ((xfirstLineEndPos (line-end-position)))
+            (cond
+             ((eq xp2 xfirstLineEndPos)
+              (progn
+                ;; (message "debug: exactly 1 line. extend to next whole line." )
+                (forward-line 1)
+                (end-of-line)))
+             ((< xp2 xfirstLineEndPos)
+              (progn
+                ;; (message "debug: less than 1 line. complete the line." )
+                (end-of-line)))
+             ((> xp2 xfirstLineEndPos)
+              (progn
+                ;; (message "debug: beginning of line, but end is greater than 1st end of line" )
+                (goto-char xp2)
+                (if (eq (point) (line-end-position))
+                    (progn
+                      ;; (message "debug: exactly multiple lines" )
+                      (forward-line 1)
+                      (end-of-line))
+                  (progn
+                    ;; (message "debug: multiple lines but end is not eol. make it so" )
+                    (goto-char xp2)
+                    (end-of-line)))))
+             (t (error "%s: logic error 42946" real-this-command))))))
+       ((and (> (point) (line-beginning-position)) (<= (point) (line-end-position)))
+        (progn
+          ;; (message "debug: less than 1 line" )
+          (end-of-line) ; select current line
+          (push-mark (line-beginning-position) t t)))
+       (t
+        ;; (message "debug: last resort" )
+        nil))))
+
+   ((looking-at "\\s(")
+    ;; (message "debug: left bracket")
+    (mark-sexp))
+
+   ((looking-at "\\s)")
+    ;; (message "debug: right bracket")
+    (backward-up-list) (mark-sexp))
+
+   ((looking-at "\\s\"")
+    ;; (message "debug: string quote")
+    (mark-sexp))
+
+   ((looking-at "[ \t\n]")
+    ;; (message "debug: is white space")
+    (skip-chars-backward " \t\n")
+    (push-mark)
+    (skip-chars-forward " \t\n")
+    (setq mark-active t))
+
+   ((looking-at "[-_a-zA-Z0-9]")
+    ;; (message "debug: left is word or symbol")
+    (skip-chars-backward "-_a-zA-Z0-9")
+    (push-mark)
+    (skip-chars-forward "-_a-zA-Z0-9")
+    (setq mark-active t))
+
+   ((and (looking-at "[:blank:]")
+         (prog2 (backward-char) (looking-at "[:blank:]") (forward-char)))
+    ;; (message "debug: left and right both space" )
+    (skip-chars-backward "[:blank:]") (push-mark (point) t t)
+    (skip-chars-forward "[:blank:]"))
+
+   ((and (looking-at "\n")
+         (eq (char-before) 10))
+    ;; (message "debug: left and right both newline")
+    (skip-chars-forward "\n")
+    (push-mark (point)  t t)
+    (re-search-forward "\n[ \t]*\n"))
+
+   (t
+    ;; (message "debug: just mark sexp" )
+    (mark-sexp)
+    (exchange-point-and-mark))))
+
+(defun xah-select-text-in-quote ()
+  "Select text between the nearest left and right delimiters.
+Delimiters here includes QUOTATION MARK, GRAVE ACCENT, and anything in `xah-brackets'.
+This command ignores nesting. For example, if text is
+「(a(b)c▮)」
+the selected char is 「c」, not 「a(b)c」.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_select_quote_text.html'
+Version: 2020-11-24 2023-07-23 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xskipChars (concat "^\"`" (mapconcat #'identity xah-brackets ""))))
+    (skip-chars-backward xskipChars)
+    (push-mark (point) t t)
+    (skip-chars-forward xskipChars)))
+
+(defun xah-cut-text-in-quote ()
+  "Cut text between the nearest left and right delimiters.
+See `xah-select-text-in-quote'
+
+Version: 2023-07-23 2023-11-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xskipChars (concat "^\"`" (mapconcat #'identity xah-brackets ""))))
+    (skip-chars-backward xskipChars)
+    (push-mark (point) t t)
+    (skip-chars-forward xskipChars)
+    (kill-region nil nil t)))
+
+
+;; misc
+
+(defun xah-user-buffer-p ()
+  "Return t if current buffer is a user buffer, else nil.
+A user buffer has buffer name NOT starts with * or space.
+This function is used by buffer switching command and close buffer command, so that next buffer shown is a user buffer.
+You can override this function to get your idea of “user buffer”.
+Version: 2016-06-18 2022-05-19 2023-10-18"
+  (interactive)
+  (cond
+   ((string-match "^\*" (buffer-name)) nil)
+   ((eq major-mode 'dired-mode) nil)
+   ((eq major-mode 'eww-mode) nil)
+   ((eq major-mode 'help-mode) nil)
+   (t t)))
+
+(defun xah-next-user-buffer ()
+  "Switch to the next user buffer.
+“user buffer” is determined by `xah-user-buffer-p'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_next_prev_user_buffer.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (next-buffer)
+  (let ((i 0))
+    (while (< i 30)
+      (if (not (xah-user-buffer-p))
+          (progn (next-buffer)
+                 (setq i (1+ i)))
+        (progn (setq i 100))))))
+
+(defun xah-previous-user-buffer ()
+  "Switch to the previous user buffer.
+“user buffer” is determined by `xah-user-buffer-p'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_next_prev_user_buffer.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (previous-buffer)
+  (let ((i 0))
+    (while (< i 20)
+      (if (not (xah-user-buffer-p))
+          (progn (previous-buffer)
+                 (setq i (1+ i)))
+        (progn (setq i 100))))))
+
+(defun xah-next-emacs-buffer ()
+  "Switch to the next emacs buffer.
+“emacs buffer” here is buffer whose name starts with *.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_next_prev_user_buffer.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (next-buffer)
+  (let ((i 0))
+    (while (and (not (string-equal "*" (substring (buffer-name) 0 1))) (< i 20))
+      (setq i (1+ i)) (next-buffer))))
+
+(defun xah-previous-emacs-buffer ()
+  "Switch to the previous emacs buffer.
+“emacs buffer” here is buffer whose name starts with *.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_next_prev_user_buffer.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (previous-buffer)
+  (let ((i 0))
+    (while (and (not (string-equal "*" (substring (buffer-name) 0 1))) (< i 20))
+      (setq i (1+ i)) (previous-buffer))))
+
+(defun xah-new-empty-buffer ()
+  "Create a new empty buffer.
+Returns the buffer object.
+New buffer is named untitled, untitled<2>, etc.
+
+Warning: new buffer is not prompted for save when killed, see `kill-buffer'.
+Or manually `save-buffer'
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_new_empty_buffer.html'
+Version: 2017-11-01 2022-04-05"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xbuf (generate-new-buffer "untitled")))
+    (switch-to-buffer xbuf)
+    (funcall initial-major-mode)
+    xbuf
+    ))
+
+(declare-function minibuffer-keyboard-quit "delsel" ())
+(declare-function org-edit-src-save "org-src" ())
+
+(defcustom xah-recently-closed-buffers-max 40 "The maximum length for `xah-recently-closed-buffers'."
+  :type 'integer)
+
+(defvar xah-recently-closed-buffers nil "A Alist of recently closed buffers.
+Each element is (bufferName . filePath).
+The max number to track is controlled by the variable `xah-recently-closed-buffers-max'.")
+
+(defun xah-add-to-recently-closed (&optional BufferName BufferFileName)
+  "Add to `xah-recently-closed-buffers'.
+Version: 2023-03-02"
+  (let ((xbn (if BufferName BufferName (buffer-name)))
+        (xbfn (if BufferFileName BufferFileName buffer-file-name)))
+    (setq xah-recently-closed-buffers (cons (cons xbn xbfn) xah-recently-closed-buffers)))
+  (when (> (length xah-recently-closed-buffers) xah-recently-closed-buffers-max)
+    (setq xah-recently-closed-buffers (butlast xah-recently-closed-buffers 1))))
+
+(defvar xah-temp-dir-path nil "Path to temp dir used by xah commands.
+by default, the value is dir named temp at `user-emacs-directory'.
+Version: 2023-03-21")
+
+(setq xah-temp-dir-path
+      (if xah-temp-dir-path
+          xah-temp-dir-path
+        (concat user-emacs-directory "temp/")))
+
+(defun xah-close-current-buffer ()
+  "Close the current buffer with possible backup of modified file.
+
+• If the buffer is a file and not modified, kill it. If is modified, do nothing. Print a message.
+• If the buffer is not a file, first save it to `xah-temp-dir-path' named untitled_‹datetime›_‹randomhex›.txt.
+
+If `universal-argument' is called first, call `kill-buffer'.
+(this is useful when a file is modified, and then it is is changed
+by some app outside emacs, and `auto-revert-mode' is on, then, emacs
+goes into a loop asking to revert or save.)
+
+If the buffer is a file, add the path to the list `xah-recently-closed-buffers'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_close_buffer_open_last_closed.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19 2023-09-27 2023-10-25"
+  (interactive)
+  (widen)
+  (cond
+   (current-prefix-arg (kill-buffer))
+   ;; ((eq major-mode 'minibuffer-inactive-mode) (minibuffer-keyboard-quit))
+   ;; ((active-minibuffer-window) (minibuffer-keyboard-quit))
+   ((minibufferp (current-buffer)) (minibuffer-keyboard-quit))
+   ((and buffer-file-name (not (buffer-modified-p)))
+    (xah-add-to-recently-closed (buffer-name) buffer-file-name)
+    (kill-buffer))
+   ((and buffer-file-name (buffer-modified-p))
+    (message "buffer file modified. Save it first.\n%s" buffer-file-name)
+    ;; (let ((xnewName
+    ;;            (format "%s~%s~"
+    ;;                    buffer-file-name
+    ;;                    (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S"))))
+    ;;       (write-region (point-min) (point-max) xnewName)
+    ;;       (print (format "The modified version is saved at
+    ;; %s
+    ;; call xah-open-last-closed twice to open." xnewName))
+    ;;       (xah-add-to-recently-closed (buffer-name) xnewName)
+    ;;       (xah-add-to-recently-closed (buffer-name) buffer-file-name)
+    ;;       (kill-buffer))
+    )
+   ((and (not buffer-file-name) (xah-user-buffer-p) (not (eq (point-max) 1)))
+    (let ((xnewName (format "%suntitled_%s_%x.txt"
+                            xah-temp-dir-path
+                            (format-time-string "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
+                            (random #xfffff))))
+      (when (not (file-exists-p xah-temp-dir-path)) (make-directory xah-temp-dir-path))
+      (write-region (point-min) (point-max) xnewName)
+      (xah-add-to-recently-closed (buffer-name) xnewName)
+      (kill-buffer)))
+   (t (kill-buffer))))
+
+(defun xah-open-last-closed ()
+  "Open the last closed file.
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_close_buffer_open_last_closed.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19 2022-03-22"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (> (length xah-recently-closed-buffers) 0)
+      (find-file (cdr (pop xah-recently-closed-buffers)))
+    (progn (message "No recently close buffer in this session."))))
+
+(defun xah-open-recently-closed ()
+  "Open recently closed file.
+Prompt for a choice.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_close_buffer_open_last_closed.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19 2023-08-25 2023-09-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (find-file
+   (let ((completion-ignore-case t))
+     (completing-read
+      "Open:"
+      (mapcar (lambda (f) (cdr f)) xah-recently-closed-buffers)
+      nil t
+      ))))
+
+(defun xah-list-recently-closed ()
+  "List recently closed file.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_close_buffer_open_last_closed.html'
+Version: 2016-06-19"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xbuf (generate-new-buffer "*recently closed*")))
+    (switch-to-buffer xbuf)
+    (mapc (lambda (xf) (insert (cdr xf) "\n"))
+          xah-recently-closed-buffers)))
+
+(defvar xah-open-file-at-cursor-pre-hook nil "Hook for `xah-open-file-at-cursor'.
+Functions in the hook will be called in order, each given the path as arg.
+The first return non-nil, its value is given to `xah-open-file-at-cursor' as input.
+This is useful for transforming certain url into file path (your website url), so instead of opening in browser, it opens in emacs as file.")
+
+(defun xah-open-file-at-cursor ()
+  "Open the file path under cursor.
+
+• If there is selection, use it for path.
+• Path can be {relative, full path, URL}.
+• If the path starts with 「https*://」, open the URL in browser.
+• Path may have a trailing 「:‹n›」 that indicates line number, or 「:‹n›:‹m›」 with line and column number. If so, jump to that line number.
+
+If path does not have a file extension, automatically try with .el for elisp files.
+
+See also `xah-open-file-at-cursor-pre-hook'.
+
+This command is similar to `find-file-at-point' but without prompting for confirmation.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_open_file_path_fast.html'
+Version: 2020-10-17 2023-03-22 2023-09-29"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xinput xinput2 xpath)
+    (setq
+     xinput
+     (if (region-active-p)
+         (buffer-substring-no-properties (region-beginning) (region-end))
+       (let ((xp0 (point)) xp1 xp2
+             (xpathStops "^  \t\n\"`'‘’“”|()[]{}「」<>〔〕〈〉《》【】〖〗«»‹›❮❯❬❭〘〙·。\\"))
+         (skip-chars-backward xpathStops)
+         (setq xp1 (point))
+         (goto-char xp0)
+         (skip-chars-forward xpathStops)
+         (setq xp2 (point))
+         (goto-char xp0)
+         (buffer-substring-no-properties xp1 xp2)))
+     xinput2
+     (if (> (length xah-open-file-at-cursor-pre-hook) 0)
+         (let ((xprehook (run-hook-with-args-until-success 'xah-open-file-at-cursor-pre-hook xinput)))
+           (if xprehook xprehook xinput))
+       xinput)
+     xpath
+     (replace-regexp-in-string "^/C:/" "/" (replace-regexp-in-string "^file://" "" (replace-regexp-in-string ":\\'" "" xinput2))))
+
+    (if (string-match-p "\\`https?://" xpath)
+        (browse-url xpath)
+      (let ((xpathNoQ
+             (let ((xHasQuery (string-match "\?[a-z]+=" xpath)))
+               (if xHasQuery
+                   (substring xpath 0 xHasQuery)
+                 xpath))))
+        (cond
+         ((string-match "#" xpathNoQ)
+          (let ((xfpath (substring xpathNoQ 0 (match-beginning 0)))
+                (xfractPart (substring xpathNoQ (1+ (match-beginning 0)))))
+            (if (file-exists-p xfpath)
+                (progn
+                  (find-file xfpath)
+                  (goto-char (point-min))
+                  (search-forward xfractPart))
+              (progn
+                (message "File does not exist. Created at\n%s" xfpath)
+                (find-file xfpath)))))
+         ((string-match "^\\`\\(.+?\\):\\([0-9]+\\)\\(:[0-9]+\\)?\\'" xpathNoQ)
+          (let ((xfpath (match-string-no-properties 1 xpathNoQ))
+                (xlineNum (string-to-number (match-string-no-properties 2 xpathNoQ))))
+            (if (file-exists-p xfpath)
+                (progn
+                  (find-file xfpath)
+                  (goto-char (point-min))
+                  (forward-line (1- xlineNum)))
+              (progn
+                (message "File does not exist. Created at\n%s" xfpath)
+                (find-file xfpath)))))
+         ((file-exists-p xpathNoQ)
+          (progn ; open f.ts instead of f.js
+            (let ((xext (file-name-extension xpathNoQ))
+                  (xfnamecore (file-name-sans-extension xpathNoQ)))
+              (if (and (string-equal xext "js")
+                       (file-exists-p (concat xfnamecore ".ts")))
+                  (find-file (concat xfnamecore ".ts"))
+                (find-file xpathNoQ)))))
+         ((file-exists-p (concat xpathNoQ ".el"))
+          (find-file (concat xpathNoQ ".el")))
+         (t (progn
+              (message "File does not exist. Created at\n%s" xpathNoQ)
+              (find-file xpathNoQ))))))))
+
+
+
+(defvar xah-run-current-file-before-hook nil "Hook for `xah-run-current-file'. Before the file is run.")
+
+(defvar xah-run-current-file-after-hook nil "Hook for `xah-run-current-file'. After the file is run.")
+
+(defun xah-run-current-go-file ()
+  "Run or build current golang file.
+To build, call `universal-argument' first.
+Version: 2018-10-12 2023-09-29 2024-01-01"
+  (interactive)
+  (when (not buffer-file-name) (user-error "Buffer is not file. Save it first."))
+  (when (buffer-modified-p) (save-buffer))
+  (let (xoutputb xfname xprogName xcmdStr)
+    (setq
+     xoutputb (get-buffer-create "*xah-run*" t)
+     xfname buffer-file-name
+     xprogName "go"
+     xcmdStr (format (if current-prefix-arg
+                         "%s build \"%s\" "
+                       "%s run \"%s\" &")
+                     xprogName xfname))
+    (message "running %s" xfname)
+    (message "%s" xcmdStr)
+    (shell-command xcmdStr xoutputb)))
+
+(defvar xah-run-current-file-map
+  '(("clj" . "clj")
+    ("go" . "go run")
+    ("hs" . "runhaskell")
+    ("java" . "javac")
+    ("js" . "deno run")
+    ("latex" . "pdflatex")
+    ("m" . "wolframscript -file")
+    ("mjs" . "node --experimental-modules ")
+    ("ml" . "ocaml")
+    ("php" . "php")
+    ("pl" . "perl")
+    ("ps1" . "pwsh")
+    ("py" . "python")
+    ("py2" . "python2")
+    ("py3" . "python3")
+    ("rb" . "ruby")
+    ("rkt" . "racket")
+    ("sh" . "bash")
+    ("tex" . "pdflatex")
+    ("ts" . "deno run")
+    ("tsx" . "tsc")
+    ("vbs" . "cscript")
+    ("wl" . "wolframscript -file")
+    ("wls" . "wolframscript -file")
+    ("pov" . "povray +R2 +A0.1 +J1.2 +Am2 +Q9 +H480 +W640"))
+ "A association list that maps file extension to program name, used by `xah-run-current-file'.
+Each item is (EXT . PROGRAM), both strings.
+EXT is file suffix (without the dot prefix), PROGRAM is program name or path, with possibly command options.
+You can customize this alist.")
+
+(defun xah-run-current-file ()
+  "Execute the current file.
+For example, if the current buffer is x.py, then it'll call python x.py in a shell.
+Output is printed to buffer “*xah-run output*”.
+File suffix is used to determine which program to run, set in the variable `xah-run-current-file-map'.
+
+When `universal-argument' is called first, prompt user to enter command line options.
+
+If the file is modified or not saved, save it automatically before run.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_run_current_file.html'
+Version: 2020-09-24 2023-12-31 2024-01-06"
+  (interactive)
+  ;; (setenv "NO_COLOR" "1") ; 2022-09-10 for deno. default color has yellow parts, hard to see
+  (when (not buffer-file-name) (user-error "Buffer is not file. Save it first."))
+  (when (buffer-modified-p) (save-buffer))
+  (let (xoutBuffer xextAppMap xfname xfExt xappCmdStr xcmdStr)
+    (setq
+     xoutBuffer (get-buffer-create "*xah-run output*" t)
+     xextAppMap xah-run-current-file-map
+     xfname buffer-file-name
+     xfExt (file-name-extension buffer-file-name)
+     xappCmdStr (cdr (assoc xfExt xextAppMap))
+     xcmdStr
+     (when xappCmdStr
+       (format "%s %s &"
+               xappCmdStr
+               (shell-quote-argument xfname))))
+
+    ;; FIXME: Rather than `shell-command' with an `&', better use
+    ;; `make-process' or `start-process' since we're not using the shell at all
+    ;; (worse, we need to use `shell-quote-argument' to circumvent the shell).
+
+    (run-hooks 'xah-run-current-file-before-hook)
+    (cond
+     ((string-equal xfExt "el")
+      (load xfname))
+     ((string-equal xfExt "go")
+      (xah-run-current-go-file))
+     ((string-match "\\.\\(ws?l\\|m\\|nb\\)\\'" xfExt)
+      (if (fboundp 'xah-wolfram-run-script)
+          (progn
+            (xah-wolfram-run-script nil current-prefix-arg))
+        (if xappCmdStr
+            (progn
+              (message "Running")
+              (shell-command xcmdStr xoutBuffer))
+          (error "%s: Unknown file extension: %s" real-this-command xfExt))))
+     ((string-equal xfExt "java")
+      (progn
+        ;; FIXME: Better use `call-process', or else at least use
+        ;; `shell-quote-argument'.
+        (shell-command (format "javac %s" xfname) xoutBuffer)
+        (shell-command (format "java %s" (file-name-sans-extension
+                                          (file-name-nondirectory xfname)))
+                       xoutBuffer)))
+     (t
+      (if xappCmdStr
+          (progn
+            (if current-prefix-arg
+                (let ((xuserCmd (read-string "run with command:" xcmdStr)))
+                  (message "Running 「%s」" xuserCmd)
+                  (shell-command xuserCmd xoutBuffer))
+              (progn
+                (message "Running 「%s」" xcmdStr)
+                (shell-command xcmdStr xoutBuffer))))
+        (error "%s: Unknown file extension: %s" real-this-command xfExt))))
+    (run-hooks 'xah-run-current-file-after-hook))
+  ;; (setenv "NO_COLOR")
+  )
+
+(defun xah-clean-empty-lines ()
+  "Replace repeated blank lines to just 1, in whole buffer or selection.
+Respects `narrow-to-region'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_compact_empty_lines.html'
+Version: 2017-09-22 2020-09-08"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xbegin xend)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+        (setq xbegin (region-beginning) xend (region-end))
+      (setq xbegin (point-min) xend (point-max)))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xbegin xend)
+        (progn
+          (goto-char (point-min))
+          (while (re-search-forward "\n\n\n+" nil :move)
+            (replace-match "\n\n")))))))
+
+(defun xah-clean-whitespace ()
+  "Delete trailing whitespace, and replace repeated blank lines to just 1.
+Only space and tab is considered whitespace here.
+Works on whole buffer or selection, respects `narrow-to-region'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_compact_empty_lines.html'
+Version: 2017-09-22 2021-08-27 2022-08-06"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xbegin xend)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+        (setq xbegin (region-beginning) xend (region-end))
+      (setq xbegin (point-min) xend (point-max)))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+        (narrow-to-region xbegin xend)
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (re-search-forward "[ \t]+\n" nil :move) (replace-match "\n"))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        (while (re-search-forward "\n\n\n+" nil :move) (replace-match "\n\n"))
+        (goto-char (point-max))
+        (while (eq (char-before) 32) (delete-char -1)))))
+  (message "%s done" real-this-command))
+
+(defun xah-make-backup ()
+  "Make a backup copy of current file or dired marked files.
+If in dired, backup current file or marked files.
+The backup file name is in this format
+ x.html~2018-05-15_133429~
+ The last part is hour, minutes, seconds.
+in the same dir. If such a file already exist, it is overwritten.
+If the current buffer is not associated with a file, nothing's done.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_make-backup.html'
+Version: 2018-06-06 2020-12-18 2022-06-13"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xfname buffer-file-name)
+        (xdateTimeFormat "%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S"))
+    (if xfname
+        (let ((xbackupName
+               (concat xfname "~" (format-time-string xdateTimeFormat) "~")))
+          (copy-file xfname xbackupName t)
+          (message (concat "\nBackup saved at: " xbackupName)))
+      (if (eq major-mode 'dired-mode)
+          (progn
+            (mapc (lambda (xx)
+                    (let ((xbackupName
+                           (concat xx "~" (format-time-string xdateTimeFormat) "~")))
+                      (copy-file xx xbackupName t)))
+                  (dired-get-marked-files))
+            (revert-buffer))
+        (user-error "%s: buffer not file nor dired" real-this-command)))))
+
+(defun xah-make-backup-and-save ()
+  "Backup of current file and save, or backup dired marked files.
+For detail, see `xah-make-backup'.
+If the current buffer is not associated with a file nor dired, nothing's done.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_make-backup.html'
+Version: 2015-10-14"
+  (interactive)
+  (if buffer-file-name
+      (progn
+        (xah-make-backup)
+        (when (buffer-modified-p)
+          (save-buffer)))
+    (progn
+      (xah-make-backup))))
+
+(defun xah-delete-current-file-make-backup ()
+  "Delete current file, makes a backup~, close the buffer.
+If buffer is not a file, copy content to `kill-ring', delete buffer.
+If buffer is a file, the file's directory is shown with cursor at the next file.
+
+Backup filename is “‹name›~‹dateTimeStamp›~”. Existing file of the same name is overwritten. If buffer is not a file, the backup file name starts with “xx_”.
+
+Call `xah-open-last-closed' to open the backup file.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/elisp_delete-current-file.html'
+Version: 2018-05-15 2023-08-11 2023-10-28"
+  (interactive)
+  (when (eq major-mode 'dired-mode)
+    (user-error "%s: In dired. Nothing is done." real-this-command))
+  (let ((xfname buffer-file-name)
+        (xbuffname (buffer-name))
+        xbackupPath)
+    (setq xbackupPath
+          (concat (if xfname xfname (format "%sxx" default-directory))
+                  (format "~%s~" (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S"))))
+    (if xfname
+        (progn
+          (save-buffer xfname)
+          (rename-file xfname xbackupPath t)
+          (kill-buffer xbuffname)
+          ;; (dired-jump nil xbackupPath)
+          ;; (revert-buffer t t t)
+          ;; (dired-goto-file xbackupPath)
+          ;; (dired-next-line 1)
+          (message "File deleted.
+Backup at
+%s
+Call `xah-open-last-closed' to open." xbackupPath)
+          (when (boundp 'xah-recently-closed-buffers)
+            (push (cons nil xbackupPath) xah-recently-closed-buffers)))
+      (progn
+        (widen)
+        (kill-new (buffer-string))
+        (kill-buffer xbuffname)
+        (message "non-file buffer killed. buffer text copied to `kill-ring'."))))
+  (when (eq major-mode 'dired-mode) (revert-buffer)))
+
+
+
+(defun xah-search-current-word ()
+  "Call `isearch' on current word or selection.
+“word” here is A to Z, a to z, and hyphen [-] and lowline [_], independent of syntax table.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/modernization_isearch.html'
+Version: 2015-04-09"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xp1 xp2)
+    (if (region-active-p)
+        (setq xp1 (region-beginning) xp2 (region-end))
+      (save-excursion
+        (skip-chars-backward "-_A-Za-z0-9")
+        (setq xp1 (point))
+        (right-char)
+        (skip-chars-forward "-_A-Za-z0-9")
+        (setq xp2 (point))))
+    (setq mark-active nil)
+    (when (< xp1 (point))
+      (goto-char xp1))
+    (isearch-mode t)
+    (isearch-yank-string (buffer-substring-no-properties xp1 xp2))))
+
+(declare-function w32-shell-execute "w32fns.c" (operation document &optional parameters show-flag)) ; (w32-shell-execute "open" default-directory)
+
+(defun xah-show-in-desktop ()
+  "Show current file in desktop.
+ (Mac Finder, Microsoft Windows File Explorer, Linux file manager)
+This command can be called when in a file buffer or in `dired'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_show_in_desktop.html'
+Version: 2020-11-20 2022-08-19 2023-06-26 2023-09-09"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xpath (if (eq major-mode 'dired-mode)
+                   (if (eq nil (dired-get-marked-files))
+                       default-directory
+                     (car (dired-get-marked-files)))
+                 (if buffer-file-name buffer-file-name default-directory))))
+    (cond
+     ((eq system-type 'windows-nt)
+      (shell-command (format "PowerShell -Command invoke-item '%s'" (expand-file-name default-directory )))
+      ;; (let ((xcmd (format "Explorer /select,%s"
+      ;;                     (replace-regexp-in-string "/" "\\" xpath t t)
+      ;;                     ;; (shell-quote-argument (replace-regexp-in-string "/" "\\" xpath t t ))
+      ;;                     )))
+      ;;   (shell-command xcmd))
+      )
+     ((eq system-type 'darwin)
+      (shell-command
+       (concat "open -R " (shell-quote-argument xpath))))
+     ((eq system-type 'gnu/linux)
+      (call-process shell-file-name nil 0 nil
+                    shell-command-switch
+                    (format "%s %s"
+                            "xdg-open"
+                            (file-name-directory xpath)))
+      ;; (shell-command "xdg-open .") ;; 2013-02-10 this sometimes froze emacs till the folder is closed. eg with nautilus
+      ))))
+
+(defun xah-open-in-vscode ()
+  "Open current file or dir in vscode.
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_open_in_vscode.html'
+
+Version: 2020-02-13 2021-01-18 2022-08-04 2023-06-26"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((xpath (if buffer-file-name buffer-file-name (expand-file-name default-directory))))
+    (message "path is %s" xpath)
+    (cond
+     ((eq system-type 'darwin)
+      (shell-command (format "open -a Visual\\ Studio\\ Code.app %s" (shell-quote-argument xpath))))
+     ((eq system-type 'windows-nt)
+      (shell-command (format "code.cmd %s" (shell-quote-argument xpath))))
+     ((eq system-type 'gnu/linux)
+      (shell-command (format "code %s" (shell-quote-argument xpath)))))))
+
+(defun xah-open-in-external-app (&optional Fname)
+  "Open the current file or dired marked files in external app.
+When called in emacs lisp, if Fname is given, open that.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_dired_open_file_in_ext_apps.html'
+Version: 2019-11-04 2023-04-05 2023-06-26"
+  (interactive)
+  (let (xfileList xdoIt)
+    (setq xfileList
+          (if Fname
+              (list Fname)
+            (if (eq major-mode 'dired-mode)
+                (dired-get-marked-files)
+              (list buffer-file-name))))
+    (setq xdoIt (if (<= (length xfileList) 10) t (y-or-n-p "Open more than 10 files? ")))
+    (when xdoIt
+      (cond
+       ((eq system-type 'windows-nt)
+        (let ((xoutBuf (get-buffer-create "*xah open in external app*"))
+              (xcmdlist (list "PowerShell" "-Command" "Invoke-Item" "-LiteralPath")))
+          (mapc
+           (lambda (x)
+             (message "%s" x)
+             (apply 'start-process (append (list "xah open in external app" xoutBuf) xcmdlist (list (format "'%s'" (if (string-match "'" x) (replace-match "`'" t t x) x))) nil)))
+           xfileList)
+          ;; (switch-to-buffer-other-window xoutBuf)
+          )
+        ;; old code. calling shell. also have a bug if filename contain apostrophe
+        ;; (mapc (lambda (xfpath) (shell-command (concat "PowerShell -Command \"Invoke-Item -LiteralPath\" " "'" (shell-quote-argument (expand-file-name xfpath)) "'"))) xfileList)
+        )
+       ((eq system-type 'darwin)
+        (mapc (lambda (xfpath) (shell-command (concat "open " (shell-quote-argument xfpath)))) xfileList))
+       ((eq system-type 'gnu/linux)
+        (mapc (lambda (xfpath)
+                (call-process shell-file-name nil 0 nil
+                              shell-command-switch
+                              (format "%s %s"
+                                      "xdg-open"
+                                      (shell-quote-argument xfpath))))
+              xfileList))
+       ((eq system-type 'berkeley-unix)
+        (mapc (lambda (xfpath) (let ((process-connection-type nil)) (start-process "" nil "xdg-open" xfpath))) xfileList))))))
+
+(defvar xah-fly-mswin-terminal
+  "wt"
+  "A string. Value should be one of: wt (for Windows Terminal) or pwsh (for PowerShell Core (cross-platform)) or powershell (for Microsoft PowerShell).")
+
+(defun xah-open-in-terminal ()
+  "Open the current dir in a new terminal window.
+On Microsoft Windows, which terminal it starts depends on `xah-fly-mswin-terminal'.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/emacs/emacs_open_in_terminal.html'
+Version: 2020-11-21 2022-08-04 2023-03-01 2023-06-26"
+  (interactive)
+  (cond
+   ((eq system-type 'windows-nt)
+    (cond
+     ((string-equal xah-fly-mswin-terminal "wt")
+      (shell-command (format "wt -d \"%s\"" default-directory)))
+     ((string-equal xah-fly-mswin-terminal "pwsh")
+      (shell-command
+       (format "pwsh -Command Start-Process pwsh -WorkingDirectory '%s'" (shell-quote-argument default-directory))))
+     ((string-equal xah-fly-mswin-terminal "powershell")
+      (shell-command
+       (format "powershell -Command Start-Process powershell -WorkingDirectory '%s'" (shell-quote-argument default-directory))))
+     (t (error "Error 702919: value of `xah-fly-mswin-terminal' is not expected. Its value is %s" xah-fly-mswin-terminal))))
+   ((eq system-type 'darwin)
+    (shell-command (concat "open -a terminal " (shell-quote-argument (expand-file-name default-directory)))))
+   ((eq system-type 'gnu/linux)
+    (let ((process-connection-type nil)) (start-process "" nil "x-terminal-emulator" (concat "--working-directory=" default-directory))))
+   ((eq system-type 'berkeley-unix)
+    (let ((process-connection-type nil)) (start-process "" nil "x-terminal-emulator" (concat "--working-directory=" default-directory))))))
+
+(defun xah-next-window-or-frame ()
+  "Switch to next window or frame.
+If current frame has only one window, switch to next frame.
+If `universal-argument' is called first, do switch frame.
+Version: 2017-01-27"
+  (interactive)
+  (if current-prefix-arg
+      (other-frame 1)
+    (if (one-window-p)
+        (other-frame 1)
+      (other-window 1))))
+
+(defun xah-unsplit-window-or-next-frame ()
+  "Unsplit window. If current frame has only one window, switch to next frame.
+Version: 2017-01-29"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (one-window-p)
+      (other-frame 1)
+    (delete-other-windows)))
+
+
+;; layout lookup tables for key conversion
+
+(defvar xah-fly-layouts nil "A alist.
+Key is layout name, string type.
+Value is a alist, each element is of the form (\"e\" . \"d\").
+First char is Dvorak, second is corresponding char of the destination layout.
+When a char is not in this alist, they are assumed to be the same. ")
+
+(push '("azerty" . (("." . "e") ("," . "z") ("'" . "a") (";" . "w") ("/" . "^") ("[" . ")") ("]" . "=") ("=" . "$") ("-" . "ù") ("a" . "q") ("b" . "n") ("c" . "i") ("d" . "h") ("e" . "d") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "j") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . "p") ("m" . ",") ("n" . "l") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "o") ("s" . "m") ("t" . "k") ("u" . "f") ("v" . ":") ("w" . ";") ("x" . "b") ("y" . "t") ("z" . "!") ("1" . "&") ("2" . "é") ("3" . "\"") ("4" . "'") ("5" . "(") ("6" . "-") ("7" . "è") ("8" . "_") ("9" . "ç") ("0" . "à") ("\\" . "*") ("`" . "²"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("azerty-be" . (("." . "e") ("," . "z") ("'" . "a") (";" . "w") ("/" . "^") ("[" . ")") ("]" . "-") ("=" . "$") ("-" . "ù") ("a" . "q") ("b" . "n") ("c" . "i") ("d" . "h") ("e" . "d") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "j") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . "p") ("m" . ",") ("n" . "l") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "o") ("s" . "m") ("t" . "k") ("u" . "f") ("v" . ":") ("w" . ";") ("x" . "b") ("y" . "t") ("z" . "=") ("1" . "&") ("2" . "é") ("3" . "\"") ("4" . "'") ("5" . "(") ("6" . "§") ("7" . "è") ("8" . "!") ("9" . "ç") ("0" . "à") ("\\" . "µ") ("`" . "²"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("colemak" . (("'" . "q") ("," . "w") ("." . "f") ("y" . "g") ("f" . "j") ("g" . "l") ("c" . "u") ("r" . "y") ("l" . ";") ("o" . "r") ("e" . "s") ("u" . "t") ("i" . "d") ("d" . "h") ("h" . "n") ("t" . "e") ("n" . "i") ("s" . "o") (";" . "z") ("q" . "x") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("x" . "b") ("b" . "k") ("w" . ",") ("v" . ".") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("colemak-dhm" . (("'" . "q") ("," . "w") ("." . "f") (";" . "z") ("b" . "k") ("c" . "u") ("d" . "m") ("e" . "s") ("f" . "j") ("g" . "l") ("h" . "n") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "d") ("l" . ";") ("m" . "h") ("n" . "i") ("o" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "y") ("s" . "o") ("t" . "e") ("u" . "t") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "v") ("y" . "b") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("colemak-dhm-angle" . (("'" . "q") ("," . "w") ("." . "f") (";" . "x") ("b" . "k") ("c" . "u") ("d" . "m") ("e" . "s") ("f" . "j") ("g" . "l") ("h" . "n") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "d") ("k" . "v") ("l" . ";") ("m" . "h") ("n" . "i") ("o" . "r") ("q" . "c") ("r" . "y") ("s" . "o") ("t" . "e") ("u" . "t") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "\\") ("y" . "b") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("colemak-dhk" . (("'" . "q") ("," . "w") ("." . "f") (";" . "z") ("b" . "m") ("c" . "u") ("d" . "k") ("e" . "s") ("f" . "j") ("g" . "l") ("h" . "n") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "d") ("l" . ";") ("m" . "h") ("n" . "i") ("o" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "y") ("s" . "o") ("t" . "e") ("u" . "t") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "v") ("y" . "b") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("dvorak" . nil) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("optimot" . (("-" . "^") ("'" . "à") ("," . "j") ("." . "o") (";" . "k") ("/" . "x") ("[" . "#") ("]" . "@") ("=" . "ç") ("a" . "a") ("b" . "g") ("c" . "l") ("d" . "p") ("e" . "e") ("f" . "f") ("g" . "d") ("h" . "t") ("i" . ",") ("j" . "è") ("k" . ".") ("l" . "q") ("m" . "c") ("n" . "r") ("o" . "i") ("p" . "é") ("q" . "y") ("r" . "'") ("s" . "n") ("t" . "s") ("u" . "u") ("v" . "h") ("w" . "m") ("x" . "w") ("y" . "b") ("z" . "v") ("1" . "«") ("2" . "»") ("3" . "\"") ("4" . "-") ("5" . "+") ("6" . "*") ("7" . "/") ("8" . "=") ("9" . "(") ("0" . ")") ("\\" . "ç") ("`" . "$"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("programer-dvorak" . ( ("`" . "$") ("1" . "&") ("2" . "[") ("3" . "{") ("4" . "}") ("5" . "(") ("6" . "=") ("7" . "*") ("8" . ")") ("9" . "+") ("0" . "]") ("[" . "!") ("]" . "#") ("!" . "%") ("@" . "7") ("#" . "5") ("$" . "3") ("%" . "1") ("^" . "9") ("&" . "0") ("*" . "2") ("(" . "4") (")" . "6") ("{" . "8") ("}" . "`") ("'" . ";") ("\"" . ":") (";" . "'") (":" . "\"") ("=" . "@") ("+" . "^") )) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("qwerty" . (("." . "e") ("," . "w") ("'" . "q") (";" . "z") ("/" . "[") ("[" . "-") ("]" . "=") ("=" . "]") ("-" . "'") ("a" . "a") ("b" . "n") ("c" . "i") ("d" . "h") ("e" . "d") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "j") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . "p") ("n" . "l") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "o") ("s" . ";") ("t" . "k") ("u" . "f") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "b") ("y" . "t") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+;; QWERTY Norwegian
+(push '("qwerty-no" . (("." . "e") ("," . "w") ("'" . "q") (";" . "z") ("/" . "å") ("[" . "+") ("]" . "´") ("=" . "¨") ("-" . "æ") ("b" . "n") ("c" . "i") ("d" . "h") ("e" . "d") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "j") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . "p") ("n" . "l") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "o") ("s" . "ø") ("t" . "k") ("u" . "f") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "b") ("y" . "t") ("z" . "-"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("qwerty-abnt" . (("." . "e") ("," . "w") ("'" . "q") (";" . "z") ("/" . "'") ("[" . "-") ("]" . "=") ("=" . "[") ("-" . "~") ("b" . "n") ("c" . "i") ("d" . "h") ("e" . "d") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "j") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . "p") ("n" . "l") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "o") ("s" . "ç") ("t" . "k") ("u" . "f") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "b") ("y" . "t") ("z" . ";"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("qwertz" . (("." . "e") ("," . "w") ("'" . "q") (";" . "y") ("/" . "ü") ("[" . "ß") ("]" . "´") ("=" . "+") ("-" . "ä") ("b" . "n") ("c" . "i") ("d" . "h") ("e" . "d") ("f" . "z") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "j") ("i" . "g") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . "p") ("n" . "l") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "r") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "o") ("s" . "ö") ("t" . "k") ("u" . "f") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "b") ("y" . "t") ("z" . "-"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("workman" . (("[" . "-") ("]" . "=") ("'" . "q") ("," . "d") ("." . "r") ("p" . "w") ("y" . "b") ("f" . "j") ("g" . "f") ("c" . "u") ("r" . "p") ("l" . ";") ("/" . "[") ("=" . "]") ("o" . "s") ("e" . "h") ("u" . "t") ("i" . "g") ("d" . "y") ("h" . "n") ("t" . "e") ("n" . "o") ("s" . "i") ("-" . "'") (";" . "z") ("q" . "x") ("j" . "m") ("k" . "c") ("x" . "v") ("b" . "k") ("m" . "l") ("w" . ",") ("v" . ".") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("norman" . (("'" . "q") ("," . "w") ("." . "d") ("p" . "f") ("y" . "k") ("f" . "j") ("g" . "u") ("c" . "r") ("r" . "l") ("l" . ";") ("o" . "s") ("u" . "t") ("i" . "g") ("d" . "y") ("h" . "n") ("t" . "i") ("n" . "o") ("s" . "h") (";" . "z") ("q" . "x") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("x" . "b") ("b" . "p") ("w" . ",") ("v" . ".") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("neo2" . (("'" . "x") ("," . "v") ("." . "l") ("p" . "c") ("y" . "w") ("f" . "k") ("g" . "h") ("c" . "g") ("r" . "f") ("l" . "q") ("a" . "u") ("o" . "i") ("e" . "a") ("u" . "e") ("i" . "o") ("d" . "s") ("h" . "n") ("t" . "r") ("n" . "t") ("s" . "d") (";" . "ü") ("q" . "ö") ("j" . "ä") ("k" . "p") ("x" . "z") ("w" . ",") ("v" . ".") ("z" . "j") ("/" . "ß") ("[" . "-") ("-" . "y"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("koy" . (("'" . "k") ("," . ".") ("." . "o") ("p" . ",") ("f" . "v") ("r" . "l") ("l" . "ß") ("a" . "h") ("o" . "a") ("u" . "i") ("i" . "u") ("h" . "t") ("t" . "r") (";" . "x") ("j" . "ä") ("k" . "ü") ("x" . "ö") ("m" . "p") ("v" . "m") ("z" . "j"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("adnw" . (("'" . "k") ("," . "u") ("." . "ü") ("p" . ".") ("y" . "ä") ("f" . "v") ("r" . "l") ("l" . "j") ("/" . "f") ("a" . "h") ("o" . "i") ("u" . "a") ("i" . "o") ("h" . "t") ("t" . "r") ("-" . "ß") (";" . "x") ("q" . "y") ("j" . "ö") ("k" . ",") ("x" . "q") ("m" . "p") ("v" . "m"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("pt-nativo" . ((";" . "«") ("/" . "~") ("[" . "º") ("]" . "<") ("=" . "-") ("-" . "´") ("a" . "i") ("b" . "q") ("c" . "t") ("d" . "m") ("e" . "a") ("f" . "w") ("g" . "l") ("h" . "d") ("i" . "u") ("k" . "b") ("l" . "p") ("m" . "v") ("n" . "r") ("o" . "e") ("p" . "h") ("q" . "ç") ("r" . "c") ("s" . "n") ("t" . "s") ("u" . "o") ("v" . "f") ("w" . "g") ("x" . "k") ("y" . "x"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("carpalx-qgmlwy" . (("." . "m") ("," . "g") ("'" . "q") (";" . "z") ("/" . "[") ("[" . "-") ("]" . "=") ("=" . "]") ("-" . "'") ("a" . "d") ("b" . "k") ("c" . "u") ("d" . "i") ("e" . "t") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "f") ("h" . "a") ("i" . "r") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "v") ("l" . ";") ("m" . "p") ("n" . "o") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "l") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "b") ("s" . "h") ("t" . "e") ("u" . "n") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "j") ("y" . "w") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("carpalx-qgmlwb" . (("." . "m") ("," . "g") ("'" . "q") (";" . "z") ("/" . "[") ("[" . "-") ("]" . "=") ("=" . "]") ("-" . "'") ("a" . "d") ("b" . "k") ("c" . "u") ("d" . "i") ("e" . "t") ("f" . "b") ("g" . "y") ("h" . "a") ("i" . "r") ("j" . "c") ("k" . "f") ("l" . ";") ("m" . "p") ("n" . "o") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "l") ("q" . "x") ("r" . "v") ("s" . "h") ("t" . "e") ("u" . "n") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("x" . "j") ("y" . "w") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("carpalx-qfmlwy" . (("." . "m") ("," . "f") ("'" . "q") (";" . "z") ("/" . "[") ("[" . "-") ("]" . "=") ("=" . "]") ("-" . "'") ("a" . "d") ("b" . "p") ("c" . "o") ("d" . "i") ("e" . "t") ("f" . "y") ("g" . "u") ("h" . "a") ("i" . "r") ("j" . "g") ("k" . "c") ("l" . "j") ("m" . "k") ("n" . "h") ("o" . "s") ("p" . "l") ("q" . "v") ("r" . "b") ("s" . ";") ("t" . "e") ("u" . "n") ("v" . ".") ("w" . ",") ("y" . "w") ("z" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(push '("bepo" . (("'" . "b") ("," . "é") ("." . "p") ("p" . "o") ("y" . "è") ("f" . "^") ("g" . "v") ("c" . "d") ("r" . "l") ("l" . "j") ("o" . "u") ("e" . "i") ("u" . "e") ("i" . ",") ("d" . "c") ("h" . "t") ("t" . "s") ("n" . "r") ("s" . "n") (":" . "à") ("q" . "y") ("j" . "x") ("k" . ".") ("x" . "k") ("b" . "’") ("m" . "q") ("w" . "g") ("v" . "h") ("z" . "f") ("3" . "»") ("4" . "(") ("5" . ")") ("6" . "@") ("7" . "+") ("8" . "-") ("9" . "/"))) xah-fly-layouts)
+
+(defvar xah-fly-key-current-layout nil
+  "The current keyboard layout. Value is a key in `xah-fly-layouts'.
+Do not set this variable manually. Use `xah-fly-keys-set-layout' to set it.
+If the value is nil, it is automatically set to \"qwerty\".
+When this variable changes, suitable change must also be done to `xah-fly--key-convert-table'.
+Version: 2022-10-22")
+
+(if xah-fly-key-current-layout nil (setq xah-fly-key-current-layout "qwerty"))
+
+(defvar xah-fly--key-convert-table nil
+  "A alist that's the conversion table from dvorak to current layout.
+Value structure is one of the key's value of `xah-fly-layouts'.
+Value is programtically set from value of `xah-fly-key-current-layout'.
+Do not manually set this variable.
+Version: 2019-02-12 2022-10-22" )
+
+(setq xah-fly--key-convert-table
+      (cdr (assoc xah-fly-key-current-layout xah-fly-layouts)))
+
+(defun xah-fly--convert-kbd-str (Charstr)
+  "Return the corresponding char Charstr according to
+`xah-fly--key-convert-table'. Charstr must be a string that is the argument to `kbd'. e.g. \"a\" and \"a b c\"
+Each space separated token is converted according to `xah-fly--key-convert-table'.
+Version: 2022-10-25"
+  (interactive)
+  (mapconcat
+   'identity
+   (mapcar
+    (lambda (x)
+      (let ((xresult (assoc x xah-fly--key-convert-table)))
+        (if xresult (cdr xresult) x)))
+    (split-string Charstr " +"))
+   " "))
+
+(defun xah-fly--define-keys (KeymapName KeyCmdAlist &optional Direct-p)
+  "Map `define-key' over a alist KeyCmdAlist, with key layout remap.
+The key is remapped from Dvorak to the current keyboard layout by `xah-fly--convert-kbd-str'.
+If Direct-p is t, do not remap key to current keyboard layout.
+Example usage:
+ (xah-fly--define-keys
+  (define-prefix-command \\='xyz-map)
+  \\='(
+    (\"h\" . highlight-symbol-at-point)
+    (\".\" . isearch-forward-symbol-at-point)
+    (\"w\" . isearch-forward-word)))
+Version: 2020-04-18 2022-10-25 2023-08-21"
+  (mapcar
+   (lambda (x)
+     (define-key
+      KeymapName
+      (kbd (if Direct-p (car x) (xah-fly--convert-kbd-str (car x))))
+      (cdr x)))
+   KeyCmdAlist))
+
+
+;; keymaps
+
+(defvar xah-fly-key-map (make-sparse-keymap)
+  "Backward-compatibility map for `xah-fly-keys' minor mode. If
+`xah-fly-insert-state-p' is true, point to `xah-fly-insert-map', else,
+point to points to `xah-fly-command-map'.")
+
+(make-obsolete-variable
+ 'xah-fly-key-map
+ "Put bindings for command mode in `xah-fly-command-map', bindings for
+insert mode in `xah-fly-insert-map' and bindings that are common to both
+command and insert modes in `xah-fly-shared-map'."
+ "2020-04-16")
+
+(defvar xah-fly-shared-map (make-sparse-keymap)
+  "Parent keymap of `xah-fly-command-map' and `xah-fly-insert-map'.
+
+Define keys that are available in both command and insert modes here, like
+`xah-fly-mode-toggle'")
+
+;; (cons 'keymap xah-fly-shared-map) makes a new keymap with `xah-fly-shared-map' as its parent. See info node (elisp)Inheritance and Keymaps.
+(defvar xah-fly-command-map (cons 'keymap xah-fly-shared-map)
+  "Keymap that takes precedence over all other keymaps in command mode.
+
+Inherits bindings from `xah-fly-shared-map'.
+In command mode, if no binding is found in this map `xah-fly-shared-map' is checked, then if there is still no binding, the other active keymaps are checked like normal.
+However, if a key is explicitly bound to nil in this map, it will not be looked up in `xah-fly-shared-map' and lookup will skip directly to the normally active maps.
+In this way, bindings in `xah-fly-shared-map' can be disabled by this map.
+
+Effectively, this map takes precedence over all others when command mode
+is enabled.")
+
+(defvar xah-fly-insert-map (cons 'keymap xah-fly-shared-map)
+  "Keymap for bindings that will be checked in insert mode. Active whenever
+`xah-fly-keys' is non-nil.
+
+Inherits bindings from `xah-fly-shared-map'. In insert mode, if no binding
+is found in this map `xah-fly-shared-map' is checked, then if there is
+still no binding, the other active keymaps are checked like normal. However,
+if a key is explicitly bound to nil in this map, it will not be looked
+up in `xah-fly-shared-map' and lookup will skip directly to the normally
+active maps. In this way, bindings in `xah-fly-shared-map' can be disabled
+by this map.
+
+Keep in mind that this acts like a normal global minor mode map, so other
+minor modes loaded later may override bindings in this map.")
+
+(defvar xah-fly--deactivate-command-mode-func nil)
+
+
+;; setting keys
+
+(defun xah-fly-define-keys ()
+  "Define the keys for xah-fly-keys.
+Used by `xah-fly-keys-set-layout' for changing layout.
+Version: 2022-10-31"
+  (interactive)
+  (let ()
+
+    ;; Movement key integrations with built-in Emacs packages
+    (xah-fly--define-keys
+     indent-rigidly-map
+     '(("h" . indent-rigidly-left)
+       ("n" . indent-rigidly-right)))
+
+    (xah-fly--define-keys
+     xah-fly-shared-map
+     '(("<home>" . xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+       ("<menu>" . xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+       ("<escape>" . xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+       ("<f8>" . xah-fly-command-mode-activate))
+     :direct)
+
+    (when xah-fly-use-isearch-arrows
+      (xah-fly--define-keys
+       isearch-mode-map
+       '(("<up>" . isearch-ring-retreat)
+         ("<down>" . isearch-ring-advance)
+         ("<left>" . isearch-repeat-backward)
+         ("<right>" . isearch-repeat-forward)
+         ("C-v" . isearch-yank-kill))
+       :direct)
+      (xah-fly--define-keys
+       minibuffer-local-isearch-map
+       '(("<left>" . isearch-reverse-exit-minibuffer)
+         ("<right>" . isearch-forward-exit-minibuffer))
+       :direct))
+
+    (xah-fly--define-keys
+     (define-prefix-command 'xah-fly-leader-key-map)
+     '(("SPC" . xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+       ("RET" . execute-extended-command)
+
+       ("TAB" . nil)
+
+       ("TAB TAB" . indent-for-tab-command)
+
+       ("TAB i" . complete-symbol)
+       ("TAB g" . indent-rigidly)
+       ("TAB r" . indent-region)
+       ("TAB s" . indent-sexp)
+
+       (". ." . highlight-symbol-at-point)
+       (". g" . unhighlight-regexp)
+       (". c" . highlight-lines-matching-regexp)
+       (". h" . highlight-regexp)
+       (". t" . highlight-phrase)
+       (". e" . isearch-forward-symbol-at-point)
+       (". u" . isearch-forward-symbol)
+       (". p" . isearch-forward-word)
+
+       ("'" . xah-fill-or-unfill)
+
+       (", t" . xref-find-definitions)
+       (", n" . xref-pop-marker-stack)
+
+       ;; - / ; = [
+       ("\\" . toggle-input-method)
+       ;; `
+
+       ("3" . delete-window)
+       ("4" . split-window-right)
+       ("5" . balance-windows)
+       ("6" . xah-upcase-sentence)
+
+       ("9" . ispell-word)
+
+       ("a" . mark-whole-buffer)
+       ("b" . end-of-buffer)
+
+       ("c ," . xah-open-in-external-app)
+       ("c ." . find-file)
+       ("c c" . bookmark-bmenu-list)
+       ("c e" . ibuffer)
+       ("c f" . xah-open-recently-closed)
+       ("c g" . xah-open-in-terminal)
+       ("c h" . recentf-open-files)
+       ("c j" . xah-copy-file-path)
+       ("c l" . bookmark-set)
+       ("c n" . xah-new-empty-buffer)
+       ("c o" . xah-show-in-desktop)
+       ("c p" . xah-open-last-closed)
+       ("c r" . bookmark-jump)
+       ("c s" . write-file)
+       ("c u" . xah-open-file-at-cursor)
+       ("c x" . set-buffer-file-coding-system)
+       ("c y" . xah-list-recently-closed)
+       ("c z" . revert-buffer-with-coding-system)
+
+       ;; set-buffer-process-coding-system
+       ;; set-file-name-coding-system
+       ;; set-keyboard-coding-system
+       ;; set-language-environment
+       ;; set-next-selection-coding-system
+       ;; set-selection-coding-system
+       ;; set-terminal-coding-system
+       ;; universal-coding-system-argument
+
+       ("d" . beginning-of-buffer)
+
+       ("e a" . xah-insert-double-angle-bracket)     ; 《》
+       ("e b" . xah-insert-black-lenticular-bracket) ; 【】
+
+       ("e c r" . expand-region-abbrevs)
+       ("e c t" . edit-abbrevs)
+       ("e c u" . expand-abbrev)
+
+       ("e c g" . add-mode-abbrev)
+       ("e c c" . add-global-abbrev)
+       ("e c m" . inverse-add-mode-abbrev)
+       ("e c w" . inverse-add-global-abbrev)
+
+       ("e c f" . unexpand-abbrev)
+
+       ("e c h" . expand-jump-to-previous-slot)
+       ("e c n" . expand-jump-to-next-slot)
+       ("e c y" . abbrev-prefix-mark)
+
+       ("e d" . xah-insert-double-curly-quote) ; “”
+       ("e e" . xah-insert-unicode)
+       ("e f" . xah-insert-emacs-quote)        ; `'
+       ("e g" . xah-insert-ascii-double-quote) ; ""
+
+       ("e h" . xah-insert-brace)              ; {}
+       ("e i" . xah-insert-curly-single-quote) ; ‘’
+       ("e j" . insert-char)
+       ("e k" . xah-insert-markdown-quote) ; ``
+       ("e l" . xah-insert-formfeed)
+       ("e m" . xah-insert-corner-bracket)     ; 「」
+       ("e n" . xah-insert-square-bracket)     ; []
+       ("e o" . xah-insert-ascii-single-quote) ; ''
+
+       ("e p" . xah-insert-single-angle-quote)     ; ‹›
+       ;; q
+       ("e r" . xah-insert-tortoise-shell-bracket) ; 〔〕
+       ;; s
+       ("e t" . xah-insert-paren) ; ()
+       ("e u" . xah-insert-date)
+       ("e v" . xah-insert-markdown-triple-quote) ;
+       ("e w" . xah-insert-angle-bracket)         ; 〈〉
+       ;; x
+       ("e y" . xah-insert-double-angle-quote) ; «»
+       ;; z
+
+       ("f" . xah-search-current-word)
+       ("g" . xah-close-current-buffer)
+
+       ("h a" . apropos-command)
+       ("h b" . describe-bindings)
+       ("h c" . describe-char)
+       ("h d" . apropos-documentation)
+       ("h e" . view-echo-area-messages)
+       ("h f" . describe-face)
+       ("h g" . info-lookup-symbol)
+       ("h h" . describe-function)
+       ("h i" . info)
+       ("h j" . man)
+       ("h k" . describe-key)
+       ("h l" . view-lossage)
+       ("h m" . describe-mode)
+       ("h n" . describe-variable)
+       ("h o" . describe-language-environment)
+       ("h r" . apropos-variable)
+       ("h s" . describe-syntax)
+       ("h u" . elisp-index-search)
+       ("h v" . apropos-value)
+       ("h x" . describe-command) ; emacs 28
+       ("h z" . describe-coding-system)
+
+       ("i" . kill-line)
+       ("j" . xah-copy-all-or-region)
+
+       ("l" . recenter-top-bottom)
+
+       ("m" . dired-jump)
+
+       ;; ("m t" . dired-jump)
+       ;; ("m e" . delete-other-windows)
+       ;; ("m u" . split-window-below)
+       ;; ("m w" . universal-argument)
+
+       ;; commands here are “harmless”, they don't modify text etc. they turn on modes, change display, prompt, start shell, etc.
+       ("n SPC" . whitespace-mode)
+       ("n ," . abbrev-mode)
+       ("n ." . toggle-frame-maximized)
+       ("n 1" . set-input-method)
+       ("n 2" . global-hl-line-mode)
+       ("n 4" . global-display-line-numbers-mode)
+       ("n 6" . calendar)
+       ("n 7" . calc)
+       ("n 9" . shell-command)
+       ("n 0" . shell-command-on-region)
+
+       ("n a" . text-scale-adjust)
+       ("n b" . toggle-debug-on-error)
+       ("n c" . toggle-case-fold-search)
+       ("n d" . narrow-to-page)
+       ("n e" . eshell)
+       ;; f
+       ("n g" . xah-toggle-read-novel-mode)
+       ("n h" . widen)
+       ("n i" . make-frame-command)
+       ("n j" . flyspell-buffer)
+       ("n k" . menu-bar-open)
+       ("n l" . toggle-word-wrap)
+       ("n m" . jump-to-register)
+       ("n n" . xah-narrow-to-region)
+       ("n o" . variable-pitch-mode)
+       ("n p" . read-only-mode)
+       ;; q
+       ("n r" . count-words)
+       ("n s" . count-matches)
+       ("n t" . narrow-to-defun)
+       ("n u" . shell)
+       ("n v" . visual-line-mode)
+       ("n w" . eww)
+       ("n x" . save-some-buffers)
+       ("n y" . toggle-truncate-lines)
+       ("n z" . abort-recursive-edit)
+
+       ("o" . exchange-point-and-mark)
+       ("p" . query-replace)
+       ("q" . xah-cut-all-or-region)
+
+       ;; roughly text replacement related
+       ("r SPC" . rectangle-mark-mode)
+       ("r ," . apply-macro-to-region-lines)
+       ("r ." . kmacro-start-macro)
+       ("r 3" . number-to-register)
+       ("r 4" . increment-register)
+
+       ;; a
+       ;; b
+       ("r c" . replace-rectangle)
+       ("r d" . delete-rectangle)
+       ("r e" . call-last-kbd-macro)
+       ;; f
+       ("r g" . kill-rectangle)
+       ("r h" . xah-change-bracket-pairs)
+       ("r i" . xah-space-to-newline)
+       ("r j" . copy-rectangle-to-register)
+       ("r k" . xah-slash-to-double-backslash)
+       ("r l" . clear-rectangle)
+
+       ("r m" . xah-slash-to-backslash)
+       ("r n" . rectangle-number-lines)
+       ("r o" . open-rectangle)
+       ("r p" . kmacro-end-macro)
+
+       ;; q
+       ("r r" . yank-rectangle)
+       ;; s t
+       ("r u" . xah-quote-lines)
+       ;; v w
+       ("r x" . xah-double-backslash-to-slash)
+       ("r y" . delete-whitespace-rectangle)
+       ;; z
+
+       ("s" . save-buffer)
+
+       ;; most frequently used
+       ("t <up>"  . xah-move-block-up)
+       ("t <down>"  . xah-move-block-down)
+
+       ("t ," . sort-numeric-fields)
+       ("t ." . xah-sort-lines)
+       ("t 1" . xah-append-to-register-1)
+       ("t 2" . xah-clear-register-1)
+       ("t 3" . xah-copy-to-register-1)
+       ("t 4" . xah-paste-from-register-1)
+       ("t 7" . xah-append-to-register-1)
+       ("t 8" . xah-clear-register-1)
+
+       ("t a" . xah-reformat-to-sentence-lines)
+       ;; c b
+       ("t d" . mark-defun)
+       ("t e" . list-matching-lines)
+       ("t f" . move-to-column)
+       ("t g" . goto-line)
+       ("t h" . repeat-complex-command)
+       ("t i" . delete-non-matching-lines)
+       ("t j" . copy-to-register)
+       ("t k" . insert-register)
+       ("t l" . xah-escape-quotes)
+       ("t m" . xah-make-backup-and-save)
+       ("t n" . goto-char)
+       ("t o" . xah-clean-whitespace)
+       ("t p" . query-replace-regexp)
+       ("t q" . xah-cut-text-in-quote)
+       ;; r
+       ;; s
+       ("t t" . repeat)
+       ("t u" . delete-matching-lines)
+
+       ("t w" . xah-next-window-or-frame)
+       ("t x" . xah-title-case-region-or-line)
+       ("t y" . delete-duplicate-lines)
+
+       ("u" . switch-to-buffer)
+       ("v" . universal-argument)
+
+       ;; dangerous map. run program, delete file, etc
+       ("w DEL" . xah-delete-current-file-make-backup)
+       ("w ." . eval-buffer)
+       ("w e" . eval-defun)
+       ("w m" . eval-last-sexp)
+       ("w p" . eval-expression)
+       ("w u" . eval-region)
+       ("w q" . save-buffers-kill-terminal)
+       ("w w" . delete-frame)
+       ("w j" . xah-run-current-file)
+
+       ("x" . xah-toggle-previous-letter-case)
+       ("y" . xah-show-kill-ring)
+
+       ;; vc command keys subject to change. need a frequency stat of the commands.
+
+       ("z b" . vc-root-diff)   ; D
+       ("z c" . vc-update)      ; git pull, +
+       ("z d" . vc-annotate)    ; g
+       ("z f" . vc-revert)      ; u
+       ("z g" . vc-push)        ; git push, P
+       ("z h" . vc-diff)        ; git diff, =
+       ("z l" . vc-print-root-log) ; L
+       ("z m" . vc-dir)         ; git status, C-x v d
+       ("z n" . vc-print-log)   ; git log, l
+       ("z r" . vc-merge)       ; m
+       ("z t" . vc-register)    ; git add, i
+       ("z z" . vc-next-action) ; v
+
+       ("z 1" . vc-create-tag)            ; s
+       ("z 2" . vc-insert-headers)        ; h
+       ("z 4" . vc-retrieve-tag)          ; r
+       ("z 5" . vc-revision-other-window) ; ~
+       ("z 6" . vc-switch-backend)        ; b
+       ("z 7" . vc-update-change-log)     ; a
+
+       ;;
+       ))
+
+    (xah-fly--define-keys
+     xah-fly-command-map
+     '(("SPC" . xah-fly-leader-key-map)
+       ("'" . xah-reformat-lines)
+       ("," . xah-shrink-whitespaces)
+       ("-" . delete-other-windows)
+       ("." . backward-kill-word)
+       ("/" . hippie-expand)
+       (";" . xah-comment-dwim)
+       ("[" . split-window-below)
+       ("\\" . xah-cycle-hyphen-lowline-space)
+       ("]" . split-window-right)
+       ("`" . other-frame)
+
+       ("1" . xah-backward-punct)
+       ("2" . xah-forward-punct)
+       ("3" . delete-other-windows)
+       ("4" . split-window-below)
+       ("5" . delete-char)
+       ("6" . xah-select-block)
+       ("7" . xah-select-line)
+       ("8" . xah-extend-selection)
+       ("9" . xah-select-text-in-quote)
+       ("0" . xah-pop-local-mark-ring)
+
+       ("a" . execute-extended-command)
+       ("b" . isearch-forward)
+       ("c" . previous-line)
+       ("d" . xah-beginning-of-line-or-block)
+       ("e" . xah-smart-delete)
+       ("f" . undo)
+       ("g" . backward-word)
+       ("h" . backward-char)
+       ("i" . xah-delete-current-text-block)
+       ("j" . xah-copy-line-or-region)
+       ("k" . xah-paste-or-paste-previous)
+       ;; ("l" . xah-fly-insert-mode-activate-space-before)
+       ("l" . xah-insert-space-before)
+       ("m" . xah-backward-left-bracket)
+       ("n" . forward-char)
+       ("o" . open-line)
+       ("p" . kill-word)
+       ("q" . xah-cut-line-or-region)
+       ("r" . forward-word)
+       ("s" . xah-end-of-line-or-block)
+       ("t" . next-line)
+       ("u" . xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+       ("v" . xah-forward-right-bracket)
+       ("w" . xah-next-window-or-frame)
+       ("x" . xah-toggle-letter-case)
+       ("y" . set-mark-command)
+       ("z" . xah-goto-matching-bracket)))
+
+    ;;
+    ))
+
+(xah-fly-define-keys)
+
+
+;; set control meta, etc keys
+
+(defcustom xah-fly-unset-useless-key t
+  "If true, unbind many obsolete or useless or redundant
+  keybinding. e.g. <help>, <f1>."
+  :type 'boolean)
+
+(when xah-fly-unset-useless-key
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<help>") nil)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<f1>") nil))
+
+(when xah-fly-use-meta-key
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-<home>") nil) ; beginning-of-buffer-other-window
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-<end>") nil) ; end-of-buffer-other-window
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-SPC") #'xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-\\") nil) ; delete-horizontal-space
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-!") nil)  ; shell-command
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-$") nil)  ; ispell-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-%") nil)  ; query-replace
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-&") nil)  ; async-shell-command
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-'") nil)  ; abbrev-prefix-mark
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-(") nil)  ; insert-parentheses
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-)") nil)  ; move-past-close-and-reindent
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "M-,") nil) ; xref-pop-marker-stack
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "M-.") nil) ; xref-find-definitions
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-/") nil) ; dabbrev-expand
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-:") nil) ; eval-expression
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "M-;") nil) ; comment-dwim
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-<") nil) ; beginning-of-buffer
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-=") nil) ; count-words-region
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M->") nil) ; end-of-buffer
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "M-?") nil) ; xref-find-references
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-@") nil) ; mark-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-^") nil) ; delete-indentation
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-`") nil) ; tmm-menubar
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-a") nil) ; backward-sentence
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-b") nil) ; backward-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-c") nil) ; capitalize-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-d") nil) ;  kill-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-e") nil) ; forward-sentence
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-f") nil) ; forward-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-g") nil) ; Prefix Command
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-h") nil) ; mark-paragraph
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-i") nil) ; tab-to-tab-stop
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-j") nil) ; default-indent-new-line
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-k") nil) ; kill-sentence
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-l") nil) ; downcase-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-m") nil) ; back-to-indentation
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-o") nil) ; facemenu-keymap
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-q") nil) ; fill-paragraph
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-r") nil) ; move-to-window-line-top-bottom
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-s") nil) ; Prefix Command
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-t") nil) ; transpose-words
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-u") nil) ; upcase-word
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-v") nil) ; scroll-down-command
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-w") nil) ; kill-ring-save
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "M-x") nil) ; execute-extended-command
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "M-y") nil) ; yank-pop
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-z") nil)   ; zap-to-char
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-{") nil)   ; backward-paragraph
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-|") nil)   ; shell-command-on-region
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-}") nil)   ; forward-paragraph
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-~") nil)   ; not-modified
+  (global-set-key (kbd "M-DEL") nil) ; backward-kill-word
+  )
+
+(when xah-fly-use-control-key
+
+  ;; 2021-08-07 was
+  ;; (xah-fly--define-keys
+  ;;  xah-fly-shared-map
+  ;;  '(
+  ;;    ("C-1" . cmd)
+  ;;    ("C-2" . cmd)
+  ;;    )
+  ;;  :direct)
+
+ ;; define control combo in xah-fly-shared-map may be a problem.
+;; by setting them in xah-fly-shared-map, it becomes unchangeable, that is, if a major mode set a key for C-t, it will have no effect.
+;; Current solution is just to use global-set-key.
+;; The disadvantage is that these changes leak, that is, xah-fly-keys is turned off, these ctrl keys are still changed. Still, this is better, because xah fly keys is not really meant to be turned off temporarily.
+;; Removing the tons of default emacs control and meta keys is desirable.
+;; because there are hundreds of them, confusing, and mostly useless.
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-S-prior>") #'xah-previous-emacs-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-S-next>") #'xah-next-emacs-buffer)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-tab>") #'xah-next-user-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-S-tab>") #'xah-previous-user-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-S-iso-lefttab>") #'xah-previous-user-buffer)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-prior>") #'xah-previous-user-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<C-next>") #'xah-next-user-buffer)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "<f7>") 'xah-fly-leader-key-map)
+
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-1") nil)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-2") #'pop-global-mark)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-3") #'previous-error)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-4") #'next-error)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-5") #'xah-previous-emacs-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-6") #'xah-next-emacs-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-7") #'xah-previous-user-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-8") #'xah-next-user-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-9") #'scroll-down-command)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-0") #'scroll-up-command)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C--") #'text-scale-decrease)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-=") #'text-scale-increase)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-SPC") #'xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-S-n") #'make-frame-command)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-S-s") #'write-file)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-S-t") #'xah-open-last-closed)
+
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-@") nil)
+
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-a") #'mark-whole-buffer)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-b") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-c") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-d") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-e") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-f") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-g") nil) ; cancel
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-h") nil) ; help
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-i") nil) ; tab
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-j") nil) ; newline
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-k") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-l") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-m") nil)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-n") #'xah-new-empty-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-o") #'find-file)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-p") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-q") nil)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-r") nil)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-s") #'save-buffer)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-t") #'hippie-expand)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-u") nil)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-v") #'yank)
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-w") #'xah-close-current-buffer)
+  ;; (global-set-key (kbd "C-x") nil)
+
+  (when (>= emacs-major-version 28)
+    (global-set-key (kbd "C-y") #'undo-redo))
+  (global-set-key (kbd "C-z") #'undo)
+  ;;
+  )
+
+
+
+(when (< emacs-major-version 28)
+  (defalias 'execute-extended-command-for-buffer #'execute-extended-command))
+
+
+;;;; misc
+
+;; the following have keys in gnu emacs, but i decided not to give them a key, because either they are rarely used (say, 95% of emacs users use them less than once a month ), or there is a more efficient command/workflow with key in xah-fly-keys
+
+;; C-x r w → window-configuration-to-register
+;; C-x r f → frameset-to-register
+
+;; C-x C-p   →   mark-page
+;; C-x C-l   →   downcase-region
+;; C-x C-u   →   upcase-region
+
+;; C-x C-t   →   transpose-lines
+;; C-x C-o   →   delete-blank-lines
+
+;; C-x C-r   →   find-file-read-only
+;; C-x C-v   →   find-alternate-file
+
+;; C-x =   →   what-cursor-position, use describe-char instead
+;; C-x <   →   scroll-left
+;; C-x >   →   scroll-right
+;; C-x [   →   backward-page
+;; C-x ]   →   forward-page
+;; C-x ^   →   enlarge-window
+
+;; C-x {   →   shrink-window-horizontally
+;; C-x }   →   enlarge-window-horizontally
+;; C-x DEL   →   backward-kill-sentence
+
+;; C-x C-z   →   suspend-frame
+
+;; C-x k   →   kill-buffer , use xah-close-current-buffer
+;; C-x l   →   count-lines-page
+;; C-x m   →   compose-mail
+
+
+;; undecided yet
+
+;; C-x e   →   kmacro-end-and-call-macro
+;; C-x q   →   kbd-macro-query
+;; C-x C-k   →   kmacro-keymap
+
+;; C-x C-d   →   list-directory
+;; C-x C-n   →   set-goal-column
+;; C-x ESC   →   Prefix Command
+;; C-x $   →   set-selective-display
+;; C-x *   →   calc-dispatch
+;; C-x -   →   shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer
+;; C-x .   →   set-fill-prefix
+
+;; C-x 4   →   ctl-x-4-prefix
+;; C-x 5   →   ctl-x-5-prefix
+;; C-x 6   →   2C-command
+;; C-x ;   →   comment-set-column
+
+;; C-x f   →   set-fill-column
+;; C-x i   →   insert-file
+;; C-x n   →   Prefix Command
+;; C-x r   →   Prefix Command
+
+;; C-x C-k C-a   →   kmacro-add-counter
+;; C-x C-k C-c   →   kmacro-set-counter
+;; C-x C-k C-d   →   kmacro-delete-ring-head
+;; C-x C-k C-e   →   kmacro-edit-macro-repeat
+;; C-x C-k C-f   →   kmacro-set-format
+;; C-x C-k TAB   →   kmacro-insert-counter
+;; C-x C-k C-k   →   kmacro-end-or-call-macro-repeat
+;; C-x C-k C-l   →   kmacro-call-ring-2nd-repeat
+;; C-x C-k RET   →   kmacro-edit-macro
+;; C-x C-k C-n   →   kmacro-cycle-ring-next
+;; C-x C-k C-p   →   kmacro-cycle-ring-previous
+;; C-x C-k C-t   →   kmacro-swap-ring
+;; C-x C-k C-v   →   kmacro-view-macro-repeat
+;; C-x C-k SPC   →   kmacro-step-edit-macro
+;; C-x C-k b   →   kmacro-bind-to-key
+;; C-x C-k e   →   edit-kbd-macro
+;; C-x C-k l   →   kmacro-edit-lossage
+;; C-x C-k n   →   kmacro-name-last-macro
+;; C-x C-k q   →   kbd-macro-query
+
+
+
+;; C-x 4 C-f   →   find-file-other-window
+;; C-x 4 C-o   →   display-buffer
+;; C-x 4 .   →   find-tag-other-window
+;; C-x 4 0   →   kill-buffer-and-window
+;; C-x 4 a   →   add-change-log-entry-other-window
+;; C-x 4 b   →   switch-to-buffer-other-window
+;; C-x 4 c   →   clone-indirect-buffer-other-window
+;; C-x 4 d   →   dired-other-window
+;; C-x 4 f   →   find-file-other-window
+;; C-x 4 m   →   compose-mail-other-window
+;; C-x 4 r   →   find-file-read-only-other-window
+
+;; C-x 6 2   →   2C-two-columns
+;; C-x 6 b   →   2C-associate-buffer
+;; C-x 6 s   →   2C-split
+
+;; ctl-x-5-map
+
+;; r C-f   →   find-file-other-frame
+;; r C-o   →   display-buffer-other-frame
+;; r .   →   find-tag-other-frame
+;; r 0   →   delete-frame
+;; r 1   →   delete-other-frames
+;; r 2   →   make-frame-command
+;; r b   →   switch-to-buffer-other-frame
+;; r d   →   dired-other-frame
+;; r f   →   find-file-other-frame
+;; r m   →   compose-mail-other-frame
+;; r o   →   other-frame
+;; r r   →   find-file-read-only-other-frame
+
+
+
+(defvar xah-fly-insert-state-p t "non-nil means insertion mode is on.")
+
+(defun xah-fly--update-key-map ()
+  (setq xah-fly-key-map (if xah-fly-insert-state-p
+                            xah-fly-insert-map
+                          xah-fly-command-map)))
+
+(defun xah-fly-keys-set-layout (Layout)
+  "Set a keyboard layout.
+Argument must be one of the key name in `xah-fly-layouts'
+Version: 2021-05-19 2022-09-11 2022-10-22 2022-10-31"
+  (interactive "sType a layout: ")
+  (let ((xnewlout
+         (cond
+          ((stringp Layout) Layout)
+          ((symbolp Layout) (symbol-name Layout))
+          (t (user-error "Layout %s must be a string." Layout))))
+        (xoldlout xah-fly-key-current-layout))
+    (setq xah-fly-key-current-layout xnewlout)
+    (setq xah-fly--key-convert-table
+          (cdr (assoc xah-fly-key-current-layout xah-fly-layouts)))
+    (when (and (featurep 'xah-fly-keys)
+               (not (string-equal xoldlout xnewlout)))
+      (xah-fly-define-keys))))
+
+(defun xah-fly-space-key ()
+  "Switch to command mode if the char before cursor is a space.
+experimental
+Version: 2018-05-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (if (eq (char-before ) 32)
+      (xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+    (insert " ")))
+
+(defun xah-fly-command-mode-init ()
+  "Set command mode keys.
+Version: 2022-07-06"
+  (interactive)
+  (setq xah-fly-insert-state-p nil)
+  (xah-fly--update-key-map)
+  (when xah-fly--deactivate-command-mode-func
+    (funcall xah-fly--deactivate-command-mode-func))
+  (setq xah-fly--deactivate-command-mode-func
+        (set-transient-map xah-fly-command-map (lambda () t)))
+  (modify-all-frames-parameters (list (cons 'cursor-type 'box)))
+  ;; (set-face-background 'cursor "red")
+  (setq mode-line-front-space xah-fly-command-mode-indicator)
+  (force-mode-line-update))
+
+(defun xah-fly-insert-mode-init (&optional no-indication)
+  "Enter insertion mode."
+  (interactive)
+  (setq xah-fly-insert-state-p t)
+  (xah-fly--update-key-map)
+  (funcall xah-fly--deactivate-command-mode-func)
+  (unless no-indication
+    (modify-all-frames-parameters '((cursor-type . bar)))
+    ;; (set-face-background 'cursor "black")
+    (setq mode-line-front-space xah-fly-insert-mode-indicator))
+  (force-mode-line-update))
+
+(defun xah-fly-mode-toggle ()
+  "Switch between {insertion, command} modes."
+  (interactive)
+  (if xah-fly-insert-state-p
+      (xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+    (xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)))
+
+(defun xah-fly-save-buffer-if-file ()
+  "Save current buffer if it is a file."
+  (interactive)
+  (when buffer-file-name
+    (save-buffer)))
+
+(defun xah-fly-command-mode-activate ()
+  "Activate command mode and run `xah-fly-command-mode-activate-hook'
+Version: 2017-07-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (xah-fly-command-mode-init)
+  (run-hooks 'xah-fly-command-mode-activate-hook))
+
+(defun xah-fly-command-mode-activate-no-hook ()
+  "Activate command mode. Does not run `xah-fly-command-mode-activate-hook'
+Version: 2017-07-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (xah-fly-command-mode-init))
+
+(defun xah-fly-insert-mode-activate ()
+  "Activate insertion mode.
+Version: 2017-07-07"
+  (interactive)
+  (xah-fly-insert-mode-init)
+  (run-hooks 'xah-fly-insert-mode-activate-hook))
+
+(defun xah-fly-insert-mode-activate-newline ()
+  "Activate insertion mode, insert newline below."
+  (interactive)
+  (xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+  (open-line 1))
+
+(defun xah-fly-insert-mode-activate-space-before ()
+  "Insert a space, then activate insertion mode."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert " ")
+  (xah-fly-insert-mode-activate))
+
+(defun xah-fly-insert-mode-activate-space-after ()
+  "Insert a space, then activate insertion mode."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert " ")
+  (xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+  (left-char))
+
+
+
+;;;###autoload
+(define-minor-mode xah-fly-keys
+  "A modal keybinding set, like vim, but based on ergonomic
+  principles, like Dvorak layout.
+
+URL `http://xahlee.info/emacs/misc/xah-fly-keys.html'"
+  :global t
+  :lighter " ∑flykeys"
+  :keymap xah-fly-insert-map
+  (delete-selection-mode 1)
+  (setq shift-select-mode nil)
+
+  (if xah-fly-keys
+      ;; Construction:
+      (progn
+        (add-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+        (add-hook 'minibuffer-exit-hook 'xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+        (add-hook 'isearch-mode-end-hook 'xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+        (when (and (keymapp xah-fly-key-map)
+                   (not (memq xah-fly-key-map (list xah-fly-command-map
+                                                    xah-fly-insert-map))))
+          (set-keymap-parent xah-fly-key-map xah-fly-shared-map)
+          (setq xah-fly-shared-map xah-fly-key-map))
+        (xah-fly-command-mode-activate))
+    (progn
+      ;; Teardown:
+      (remove-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+      (remove-hook 'minibuffer-exit-hook 'xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+      (remove-hook 'isearch-mode-end-hook 'xah-fly-command-mode-activate)
+      (remove-hook 'eshell-mode-hook 'xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+      (remove-hook 'shell-mode-hook 'xah-fly-insert-mode-activate)
+      (xah-fly-insert-mode-init :no-indication)
+      (setq mode-line-front-space '(:eval (if (display-graphic-p) " " "-")))
+
+      ;;
+      )))
+
+(provide 'xah-fly-keys)
+
+
+
+;; Local Variables:
+;; byte-compile-docstring-max-column: 999
+;; End:
+
+;;; xah-fly-keys.el ends here